Gender identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Gender identity - Essay Example The paper shall also take into account the role of the media and social stereotypes along with the role that different cultures play in the establishment of gender identities. Gender identity refers to the roles of masculinity or femininity that are assigned to individuals on the basis of certain markers, in a certain society. This may vary from one culture to another and no fixed definition exists in society. These identities change over time as well and not just spatially. For instance the Victorian models of femininity have changed a lot and English women no longer abide by the codes of conduct that women in Jane Austen’s novels scrupulously followed. This, however, has certain similarities to the conduct expected of women of countries that were colonized by England. Apart from pointing to the fluid nature of gender identities, this phenomenon also points to the fact that gender identities are influenced by a The sexual orientation of a person decides the partner that he or she may wish to enter into sexual intercourse with. The politics of sexual orientation, however, does not end with producing effects on the choice of a partner though. Desire and gender identities are closely linked and both affect the other. Judith Butler talks of this in her work, Undoing Gender, where she talks of how unconventional sexual orientations affect the conventional definitions of masculinity and femininity that are set by the society, thus offering a challenge to the conventional hierarchies in society (Butler, 2003). Both heterosexuality and homosexuality can offer challenges to oppressive heteronormative social setups; however, homosexual orientations have great effectiveness in challenging the social unit that is the most important factor in the perpetuation of heteronormative societies: the family. Homosexual units offer possibilities to the parties involved to redefine the nature of conjugal relatio nships and to restructure the society. How

Automation in IT Industry: Uses and Benefits

Automation in IT Industry: Uses and Benefits Automate IT processes Abstract Here is the procedure to analyzing the errors or bugs related to the Project in the IT industry using the automation tools. From this analysis we are able to find the processes of errors caused due to soundness or for syntactical errors Due to this errors the organization is non profitable or losing its profit sales it also lead to downfall of the shareholder values What are the reasons for IT process Automation? This Analysis is very important to the each and every organization to discuss within the company in all aspects of benefits that are achieved through the Automation, key value characteristics should be considered throughout the workflow of automation, and it should be challenged experience to the automation process Overview Now a days IT industry is more Complex than before. Cumulating the number of Apps, Servers , composite scope of Systems, and huge Records: all of this need to be maintained And managed , which is very big difficult task for IT industry in all the aspects like money, manpower.etc.. So Organizations of different Size is looking for an alternative Source which is related to maintain it with more efficiently. In almost all Societies records could be preserved trustworthy and safely. This are all leads to the customized applications As the size of the data increase it implies to the increase on organization administration software and computerization to preserve a reliability in the IT organization with additional professionally to influence on Manpower and increase awareness and retaining of the problematic finish. Monitoring, Ticketing, and change and configuration management are some of the categories for system management product Introduction Why Automation It is used to Save time and manpower it is used to increase efficiency Decrease Mean Time to Repair and increase Mean Biome Between failures man can make a mistake but machine cannot All size of Organizations (Small and Big) are processing there work flow through Automation. It is the best Suitable techniques to increase the Business in all the fields For every Societies a special team of members is organized to maintain the Automation Process This shows the Automation in IT Industry The above scenario shows the infrastructure of IT industry necessary steps to be take part in the growth of Organization Aim To deliver a systematic management solution to the client to procedure with the smooth workflow of an Application Intentions 1. Systematizing the remediation of events and warnings Many of the IT industry have Adopted the advanced technology to have a keen observation on the performance of their growing in IT infrastructures compare to the Other orginisation.There will be a quick alert is produced when any incidents occurred to the infrastructure. When such incidents happened there will automatic solution then and there itself. In IT Automation process, you can automate the remediation of many incidents occurred through: self-initiated, automatic work flow can be done from monitoring tools or manual operator automatic workflow execution through the data center is more faster than the manual process Automatic remediation, like complex servers and infrastructures can be balanced through network load With this system IT infrastructures is secure and safe 2. Authorizing forefront IT professionals to determine additional events Research have been declared that in many of the organizations half of the incident occurred in the infrastructure are estimated beyond the frontline to the notice of the network administrators and management. This incident result to the less productivity and a conference calls to resolve this issue in the personal time as nights, and weekends It Automation process is used to help in transformation of manual big data effect in to sequence and standardized workflows. When an incident happened the workflow automatically imitated compile and execute to the better efficiency. A trigger is automatically starts when the estimated cross the frontline to the knowledge of level 3 administrator 3. Reducing alert abundances There is more chance of Alert happens when IT systems staff concentrate with the alert. They are more active in the alert due to lack the data to know which alert is more active and which is more and just noise. Even a little sound of alert makes the IT staff to be more productive and focus on the critical issue to reduce the noise. Like this IT process automatic initiated to monitor and ticketing product and reaches the frontline operator to take quick action on the alert. The following are the examples for the automation alert in management process: à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Monitoring tool to identify the incident and make a trigger. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · To make the workflow automatically when the trigger and take the appropriate action from the noise alert and create the ticket for the necessary action. Using the trigger frontline operator produce a ticket to resolve the action in this scenario work load is decreased by using this technology. 4. Create a reliable, repeatable procedure for coordinating modification Now a days IT Organizations is supporting large number of applications, servers and devices, as this number can rapidly grow. Among this some of the Organizations have a well format of documentation and consistently change in the process and some does not have a will documentation, and also produce without updating and changes of the previous due to the three will be consistently raise of issue which feel very difficult for frontline operators to resolve and reactive on the productive issue. For the above aspect IT process automation gives the significant and automatic changes in the configuration management process. The set of automation process is imitated by the IT system administrator to check the workflow of application and servers for the status and trigger, network and automation process for updating. This changes is updated to the thousands of application through the servers, create a document according to the requirements. It process tool is used to improve the overall cost efficiency for configuration management previously manual uses automation process for end-to-end changes in the system management product. This lead to the compact and responsiveness. Observing the previous action in the IT automation helps you to react more efficiently for changes in the business needs it also reduce the time of deployment of new infrastructure? An Organization can see a 70 percent of reduction for the new infrastructure 5. Develop relations between ITIL event administration and difficult management procedure It operators goes to a fire-fighting mode due to continuous receiving and resolving hundreds and thousands of alerts a day. They have to react as quickly as possible to the incident and respond to that alert to maintain critical application uptime. However ticket is not generated as soon as the relevant troubleshooting and resolving the alert. IT automation process can be linked to the incident management to the more effective problem management.IT automation let you to quickly react to the alert and trigger according to the action. For example software application can be checked by checking the server status, network status, application build status, and then database status and relocate to the cogent page for the slow productivity and alert, the record is noticed and repaired. If it is necessary the automation process is restarted for triggering. the data is redirected to the server due to insufficient of memory in the server or application issues. Perform data analysis for the input and output. 6. Capture instance determination review paths and generate procedure documentation It automation process create automatically a value according to the automation alert and incident resolving, due to this there will an increase in uptime and let them to focus on the strategic issues. It automation process also capture each and every information automatically for each step of flow. This information is secure and store in the database for the automation product. Automation process automatically create documentation from the automation flow. Each and every flow of step is described in the new created documentation from the created flow. As a result automation documentation is referred to save the time instead of manual document. In this document each and every step is clearly mentioned from alert triggered to the resolution 7. Incorporate role-based contact mechanism into our event determination procedure Many of the IT industry more struggle for exchange of information between2-3 level support. This exchange of information occurred in the middle of night without observing the capabilities of the current state of system If this is properly implemented, the following features in observed automatically: Role-based access control Capture of input and output data Role based access control is used to capture input, output data.so that automation workflow is done automatically as it is atomized as we discussed in the previously Automation process require credentials for the smooth flow of automation steps. Aping is required according to the credentials of the administrator service of proper credentials When this two features are used together as a result in fewer and more escalations. Automation escalation flows only when the frontline operator does not have a proper permissions or when it requires experts operators interest this are more easy as 2-3 level operators can be determined. 8. Capture structural information in a practical and supportable mode Each and every IT organizations is having a very big challenge to other IT industry in all the fields of business in a continue manner. The talent of IT is rated to the uncompleted document and outdated.so IT Organization completely rely on knowledge produced to the incident happened. When the professionals leave the industry they take away the core knowledge with them and leave the Organization to struggle the alerts. With the help of IT process automation, IT process and procedures are implied as automation flows. These flows are managed as current as they constantly execute repair actions. In IT automation process two way of communication is possible with the CMDB it is used to help to create record, discover changes and updated automatically in the infrastructure in this IT processor change automatically. 9. Systematized maintenance processes Automatic trigger should happen at a particular time or at any periodically interval of time. In addition to this key value pair should be matched to trigger the action. This process of trigger action is a time consuming action in manual process, so automation process is better to apply. Action and task are pre-loaded in the system to generate the ticket and resolve automatically Some are the best examples which suit this action: Shutdown, start, restart are scheduled action. Change of password for the security purpose at a regular interval of time Rebooting and configuring setting at a particular service time Refreshing of data at a scheduled time. Due to this intermittently action. You can atomize the section in IT industry as IT automation process. It is executed according to the workflow defined in the process We can trace back the situation happened which is used to generate the report to the operator. This process helps to growth of Organization in the critical scenario of business. 10. Incorporate distinct systems management implements and procedures Management system product is a mixer of partially deployed, and most of them are not well integrated worth the other network system products. Most of the industry runs on Non-homogeneous management products through multiple vendors. In this process IT industry need the support to maintain large size of data center and multiple network operator centers. It also needs the support of the heterogeneous enterprise to their system product. Due to the large size of data centers and network operators, system management product maintained large integrated business enterprise to automate the It process. The combination of management product and process integration leads to the efficient growth and proactive IT organization Conclusion The beginning is very easy. Now you can start up your Automation of data center operations by implementing IT process automation. In few key areas more focus to be applied, a related experienced in IT industry can efficiently achieve to retain the investment and reduce the industry complexity. This can reduce the investment. This also provide more security to the data Bibliography Books: Marshall, C. (2008) The Executive Guide To IT Process Automation: Opalis. Andrzej, C., Abdelsala, H., Marek, R. (1998) Workflow and Process Automation Concepts and Technology : Kluwer Academic Bruno, V., Thecle, A.(1998) Advanced in Production Management System : Springer Paul, H. (2001) Business Process Change A Manager’s Guide to Improving Redesigning and Automation Processes : Edward Wade Arthut, H., Wil, M., Michel, A., Russell, N. (1998) Modern Business Process Automation : Springer – Verlag Berlin Sanjay, M. (2009) Business Process Automation: PHI Learning Ltd Helmut, R., Norbert, P., Wolfgang, S.( (2012) ISSE 2012 Securing Electronic Business Processes : Springer Vieweg Singh, S.K. (2003) Industrial Instrumentation and Control : Tata McGraw Journal Richard, H. (2005) ‘Intellectual Preperty Key Processes for Managing Patent Automation Strategy Need Strengthening’, Report to Congress Committee, 9(1), pp. 22-34 Russell, R. (2001) ‘Reengineering Business Processes Can Improve Efficiency of State Department License Reviews’, Report to the Chairman and Ranking Minority Member US, pp. 10-17 Newspaper Article Naren, K. (2010) ‘ Role of Automation in the Indian IT Industry’, Deccan Chronicle, 30 May, p.11 Website https://www.netiq.com/products/aegis/ http://www.networkautomation.com/overview/ http://blogs.technet.com/b/servicemanager/archive/2009/12/17/demo-extending-service-manager-to-automate-it-processes.aspx http://www.sap.com/solution/lob/it/software/it-process-automation/index.html http://www.computerweekly.com/guides/A-guide-to-business-process-automation-software http://www.slideshare.net/Ayehu/it-processautomationsurvivalguidefreeebook http://kissflow.com/process_playbook/5-reasons-why-you-should-automate-your-business-process/ Terrorism: Definitions, origins, responses and interventions. Terrorism: Definitions, origins, responses and interventions. Chapter One: Defining Terrorism Part One What is Terrorism The Etymology of Terrorism The etymological meaning of the English world terrorism was first adopted in medieval Britain but was first coined in medieval France from the Latin word terrere meaning to frighten (Jeffery 2006: 24). The suffix of ism on the end of the word terror can be constructed as a systematic activity aiming to promote and advance a certain ideological stance. For instance, Marxism argues society can, and will, change when the material conditions are in place to precipitate this change (Marx and Engels 1848: 27). Therefore, because Marxs belief promotes a certain branch of communist philosophy the suffix ism is used to establish his particular ideological viewpoint. Conversely, if one chooses to ignore the political connotation associated with the phrase terrorism, the etymology of terrorism, one could say, is to simply promote the systematic advancement of fear. For example, the parents of a child may simply choose to apply the metaphor of terrorist to personify their expression that their c hild annoy so frequently and unexpectedly that one fears what could come next. Further to this, the etymology of terrorism brings fourth two observations. Firstly, terrorisms rooted meaning has undergone a transformation (the historical context of terrorism will be highlighted later in chapter two, but I will give you a brief outline). Terrorism was first used within the latter part of the ninetieth century as a regime or system of governance, wielded to establish a revolutionary State against the enemies of the people (Williamson 2009: 43). Terrorism, in modern society, is now more commonly used to describe terrorist acts committed by non-state or sub-national identities against the State. In 1848, terrorism in Europe and Russia was originated by its exponents as comprising a kind of action against tyrannical States. German radicalist, Karl Henizen, underpinned the policy of terrorism directed at tyrannical States as he argued while murder was forbidden in principle, this prohibition did not apply to politics, and the murder of political leaders might well be a physical necessity (Laqueur 1980: 27). Henizen was therefore, perhaps, the first scholar to provide a doctrine for modern terrorism. Moreover, when Jacobins used the term terrorism to describe their regime during the French Revolution (1789-1794), it had a positive connotation, whereas now most commentators agree that the term terrorism is inherently a negative, pejorative term (Crenshaw 1989, Barker 2002). Thus, it is evident that the term terrorism has undergone a transformation both in meaning and in perception. The second observation one identifies with in relation to the etymology of terrorism is that since its inception, the term terrorism has been linked to various ideals such as justice, liberty and morality. This idealism continued to be attached to terrorism into the mid-1800s, even though a transition had occurred in the meaning of the term (Kravchinsky 1884: 508). These idealistic principles upon the term terrorism continue today. For instance, many modern organisations, considered as terrorist organisations, have chosen for themselves names which suggest that they are idealistic. One example of this is the terrorist organisation Al Qaeda. The term Al Qaeda roughly translates into The Base which suggests a certain level of moral unity among its organisation. Additionally, the perception that exists between how terrorists see themselves and how the way that others, particularly target governments, see them, can be explained by the well-known phrase one mans terrorist is another mans freedom fight (I will explain different societal constructions of terrorism later on in this chapter as a critique towards defining the concept terrorism). This phrase, therefore, represents the idea that terrorism is a political term and therefore has to be noted that the political, ideological and religious objectives, which have been an integral aspect of terrorism since its inception is what differentiates terrorism from mere criminal violence which has no greater criminal goal in mind and which is carried out for instant gratification (Williamson 2009: 45). Thus, whereas Osama bin Laden is deemed as a crazed killer within western society, among the east, especially parts of Pakistan and the Saudi kingdom he is deemed as a martyr (Gupta 2008: 8). And so, because of this, we need to adopt a politically scientific approach in helping to understand the definition of terrorism. Applying Political Science to help Understand the Definition of Terrorism The modern political usage of the phrase terrorism can be traced back to 1795 (Laqueur 2001: 6). It is reported that Edmund Burke was the first person to use the word in English, in order to warn people about what he called those thousand of hell hounds called terrorist (McDowell and Langford 1992: 87). The word first appeared in 1798 in the supplement of the Dictionnaire of the Academie Francaise where it was politically defined as a systeme, regime de la terreur (a system, reign of terror). The entry that first appeared in the Academie Francaise conjures up numerous observations that suggest that the term terrorism is political in nature. Firstly, it is clear that to any native French speaker, in the phrase systeme, regime de la terreur fear and terror play a predominant role. Therefore, in this respect, the definition of the Academie Francaise is to be taken more or less as equivalent to terrorism in its broadest sense which we were previously speaking about. Secondly, the politic al context regime furthers the argument that the term terrorism is inherently political in nature. And finally, there seems to be a hint of another condition embedded within the phrase that was placed in Academie Francaise, namely that most terrorist activity is carried out by non-private individuals (thus systeme). Therefore, presumably, these individuals were, or aspired to become legitimate rulers of a recognised States. Moreover, it appears that the definition of Academie Francaise solely aims to define rebel or revolutionary violence, rather than terrorism in its contemporary sense. However, it has only been within the last thirty-five years that political science has enlightened us on terrorist campaigns, groups, activities, tactics, motives, finances, State support and trends (Enders and Sandler 2006: 9). This comparative approach towards defining terrorism has taught us much about what is common and what is different among terrorist activity. For example, a majority of political scientists have characterised many European terrorist organisations as fighting communist organisations with a focused Marxist-Lenin ideology, an anticapitalist orientation, a desire to limit casualties, and a need for external constituency (Alexander and Pluchinsky 1992: 27). Over the last few decades, political scientists have furthered these comparative approaches towards the definition terrorism in which they have identified the changing nature of terrorism for instance, the rise of State sponsorship in the early 1980s to the more modern increase in Islamic fundamentalism in post modern society. Political scientists have also analysed the effectiveness of antiterrorist policies in helping to define the term terrorism, but without the need to apply social statistics. Further to this, Wilkinson maintains that political science defines the phrase terrorism by dividing its definition into three distinctive typologies, these include; revolutionary terrorism, sub-revolutionary terrorism and repressive terrorism. The first typology defines the phrase terrorism as the use of systematic tactics of terroristic violence with the objective of bringing about political revolution (Wilkinson 1975: 74). Wilkinson furthers the typology of revolutionary terrorism by characterising it into four major attributes; (1) it is always a group, not an individual phenomenon, even though the groups may be very small; (2) both the revolution and the use of terror in its furtherance are always justified by some revolutionary ideology or programme; (3) there exists leaders capable of mobilising people for terrorism and (4) alternative institutional structures are created because the revolutionary movement must partake action in the political system and therefore must develop its own policy-making bodies and codification of behaviour (Wilkinson 1975: 79). To give a more detailed picture of Wilkinsons typology of revolutionary terrorism towards the political definition of terrorism we should add Hutchinsons list of essential properties, these are; (1) it is part of a revolutionary strategy; (2) it is manifested through acts of socially and politically unacceptable violence; (3) there is a pattern of symbolic or representative selection of victims or objects of acts of terrorism and (4) the revolutionary movement deliberately intends these actions to create a psychological effect on specific groups and thereby to change their political behaviour and attitudes (Hutchinson 1978: 18). The second category in Wilkinsons typology to define the political definition of terrorism is sub-revolutionary terrorism. Sub-revolutionary terrorism is defined as terror used for political motives other than revolution or governmental repression (Wilkinson 1975: 81). Whereas revolutionary terrorism seeks total change, Wilkinson argues that sub-revolutionary terrorism is aimed at more limited goals such as forcing the government to change its policy on some issues, warning or punishing specific public officials, or retaliating against government action seen as reprehensible by terrorist (Wilkinson 1975: 82). Therefore, in this respect, under the typology of sub-revolutionary terrorism pressure groups such as Fathers for Justice and Green Peace may be deemed as terrorist organisations. Wilkinsons third typology, repressive terrorism, is defined as the systematic use of terroristic acts of violence for the purpose of suppressing, putting down, quelling, or restraining certain groups, individuals or forms of behaviour deemed to be undesirable by the oppressor (Wilkinson 1975: 83). Therefore, the political definition of terrorism under the typology of repressive terrorism relies heavily upon the services of specialised agencies whose members are trained to torture, murder, and deceive. The terror apparatus is then deployed against specific opposition groups and can be later directed against much wider groups (Wilkinson 1975: 84). One example of this is Nazi Germany, where the Schutzstaffel (SS), the specialised agency, deployed terroristic apparatus against the opposition group, the Jews. Moreover, the main advantage of applying a politically scientific approach to defining terrorism has been its electric, multidisciplinary viewpoint encompassing historical, sociological, and psychological studies. Historical studies identify common features among terrorist campaigns and indicate how the phrase terrorism has evolved over time. In sociological studies, sociologists analyses societal norms and social structure within terrorist organisations. And, by using psychological studies, researchers have identified internal and external variables associated with the escalation of violence in a terrorist event (Enders and Sandler 2006: 10). Furthermore, some factors, for example, may induce an individual to become a suicide bomber, for example, include sociological the approval of a group and psychological factors personal mentality. Thus, certain fields may interlink to accompany political science in helping to define terrorism. Another field that has helped revolutionised the way we perceive the definition of terrorism is law and to illustrate this point one is about to examine the definition of terrorism under general international law. Defining Terrorism under General International Law Recent interest in the utility or propriety of a definition of terrorism under general international law has been driven by larger issues, such as the need to build international solidarity within the war of terrorism, and the opposing need felt by some of guarding any such possible definition of terrorism from any undue weightage likely to be given to the unilateral belief of any one State, and particularly the meaning likely to be or already given to the term terrorism in the foreign policy of any one State (Hor et al 2005: 37). Therefore, the need to define terrorism, comprehensively, under international law cannot be divorced from such over-riding political concerns which, together with some old diplomatic obstacles, continued to plague the negotiations towards the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism in 2005. The rationale behind such a comprehensive treaty to define the phrase terrorism was a response to calls beginning within the 1990s for a departure from a reg ime of variegated subject-specific treaties. The initiative for such a treaty to define terrorism derived from India (United Nations General Assembly 2005: 166). The treaty established the United Nations General Assembly resolution 51/210 of 17 December 1996, which had established an Ad Hoc Committee together with a United Nations Sixth (Legal) Committee, which was tasked with negotiating on the Draft Comprehensive Convention (Reichard 2002: 18). However, one would like to focus upon the question of whether a customary or general international legal definition of terrorism already exists, and if so, what does a customary definition look like. Legal guidance to define terrorism under general international law lies at least as much in international custom as it does under the Comprehensive Convention of International Terrorism treaty. This is partly due to the time-lag that occurred between the completed text-based treaty and widespread participation that took place within the new treaty regime. Moreover, it is due to the fact that much of the new comprehensive definition was not all that new, thus proving the United Nations are a long way off achieving essential combinations of (1) having a precise formation that would necessarily prove useful in defining terrorism and (2) at the same time, attracting the necessary widespread participation of States to make such a comprehensive regime a success (Lim and Elias 1997: 27). State-sponsored terrorism is a good exemplar over what terrorism might be taken to mean in the eyes of general international law. Professor Brownlie concurs with this statement as he maintains that State-sponsored terrorism is governed mainly, if not exclusively, by the available categories of international legal thought such as the prohibition of the use of force in international relations, the doctrine of imputability in establishing State responsibility for acts of the individual and the self-defence doctrine. He argues there is no category of the law on terrorism and the problems must be characterised in accordance with the applicable sectors of general international law: jurisdiction, international criminal justice, state responsibility, and so forth (Brownlie: 2004: 713). However, this may to true insofar as international law has not yet evolved to encompass an agreed definition of terrorism, the various subject-specific rules of international law which focus on individual criminal responsibility for different acts of terror such as hijacking, terrorist financing, and so on, can neither be insulated from nor absorbed wholly by the currently existing international law rules which may be brought to bear on State-sponsored terrorism. Several States leading up to the Rome statute, for example, viewed terrorism, under international law, as a distinct criminal event which imposes individual criminal responsibility for State-sponsored terrorism. In this respect, the definition of terrorism differs when defining the phrase terrorism under State-sponsored terrorism and from what the definition of terrorism means under the International Court of Justice. For example, in the Nicaragua case, Nicaragua had brought a claim against the United States for alleged covert support given by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to armed insurgents operating in Nicaraguan territory in response to the Sandinista Governments covert support of the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front in El Salvador. The issue was that there were interstate in international law rules pertaining to breach of the United States legal responses owed to Nicaragua by allegedly financing, supporting, equipping, arming, training and providing strategic guidance to Nicaraguan rebels seeking to overthrow the Sandinista Government (McCoubrey and White 1995: 12). In short, the case of Nicaragua was about defining the phrase terrorism through state responsibility and not solely as a means of political violence. On the other hand, Professor Mani recently suggested that what we call terrorism today is, in fact, very much state-sponsored terrorism. This, he suggests, is a direct result of the prohibition in Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter of the use of the force in international relations, which would nonetheless attract individual responsibility for such acts. Therefore, the legal definition of terrorism may be seized by the figure of Osama bin Laden, and we may be startled that by the late twentieth century the only superpower in the world was required to go to war with a mere individual, but that does not change the fact that, for the most part, the definition of terrorism is closely linked to state-sponsorship (Murphy 1999: 161). The difference, therefore, between Professor Manis and Professor Brownlies viewponts is one that has marked debate among the social sciences for a number of years. For example, a majority of scholars adopt Brownlies viewpoint that the definition of terrorism, especially State-sponsored terrorism, is solely a product of individual extreme criminality. But we must not ignore Manis argument that the definition of terrorism under State-sponsorship, which has become an ongoing growing phenomenon, and has become a powerful focal-point for advocating the plight of the Palestinian people, for example. Therefore, in a world where we have learnt to view some States as rogue or parish, calling States such as Israel a terrorist State serves to highlight the Palestinian cause, and stigmatise the perceived wrongdoer all at the same time (Jansen 2001: 47). Thus, by defining the phrase terrorism under the use of general international law no one can pinpoint a precise definition of the phrase terrori sm as the word itself is unattainable. To further this discussion one will now begin to highlight the problems associated with defining the phrase terrorism in which one will begin by examining terrorism as a moral problem. Part Two Problems in Defining Terrorism Definition of Terrorism as a Moral Problem A major stumbling block towards defining terrorism is that, at base, terrorism is a moral problem. This is, therefore, one of the major reasons for the difficulty over defining of terrorism. Attempts at defining the phrase terrorism are often predicted on the assumption that some classes of political violence are justifiable whereas others are not. Many would label the latter as terrorism whilst being loathe to condemn the former with a term that is usually used as an epithet. So, in order, for a definition to be universally accepted it must transcend behavioural description to include individual motivation, social milieu, and political purpose (Wardlaw 1989: 4). The same behaviour will or will not, therefore, be viewed as terrorism by any particular observer according to differences in these other factors. However, if the definition is to be of use to a wider audience than the individual who constructs it, students of violence will have to try and divest themselves of the traditiona l ways of its definition. Just as an increasing number of commentators seem to be able to even-handedly apply the term terrorist to non-State and State actors they will have to apply it even-handedly to those groups with whose cause they agree and those with whose cause they conflict (Wardlaw 1989: 4). The difficulty here is, however, is that different groups of users of definitions find it more or less easy to utilise definitions which focus on behaviour and their effects as opposed to these factors tempered by considerations of motives and politics. Thus many academic students of terrorism seem to find it a little difficult in labelling an event as terrorist without making a moral judgement about the act. Furthermore, many politicians, law enforcement and governmental officials, and citizens find themselves unable to take such a detached view (Wardlaw 1985: 4). For this reason, it may not be too difficult to construct an acceptable definition within this given reference group, but the problem arises when each group attempts to engage into dialogue with each other. This communication problem is of more than academic importance. This is because it is one of the root causes of both the vacillations in policy which characterises the response of most individual states to terrorism and of the complete failure of the international community to launch any effective multi-lateral initiatives to combat the problem (Wardlaw 1989: 5). Therefore, those who study terrorism within any given community often cannot communicate with the policy-makers and law enforcers because the latter groups often reject the analytical techniques of the former as being of insufficient relevance to the real world. This is partly due to the latter groups seeing the lack of relevance as an inability to distinguish between right and wrong acts. Moreover, at an international level, political support given to sectional interests militates against a universal definition that could form the basis for international law and action (Wardlaw 1989: 5). Thus, for example, the Palestine Lib eration Organisation (PLO) is seen by some nations as a terrorist group having no political legitimacy and using morally unjustifiable methods of violence to achieve unacceptable ends. Conversely, other nations deem the actions of the PLO as acceptable legitimate representation of opposed people using necessary and justifiable violence (not terrorism, one needs to emphasise) to achieve a just and inevitable end. Therefore, the problem within defining the phrase terrorism rests upon moral justification. However, in order to further illustrate ones argument into the problems of defining terrorism one needs to seek to explain such a phenomenon, and not solely justify the problems in defining terrorism wholly on moral justification. And so, in this respect, we need to assess the identity of terrorism in order to seek the problem of its definition. Difficulties in Defining Terrorism Due to Identification Another factor that deserves to be noted within the process of identifying the problems associated with defining the concept of terrorism is identification. The reasoning for this is down to the fact that identification is key to its rhetorical success. Thus, an act will become to be seen as terrorist if people identify with the victim of the act. One example of this is the role of media in reporting terrorism. To explain, the media tend to portray terrorist acts as newsworthy because it acts as an instrument of legitimation. Other example of this happening are within areas of muggings, environment crime, and white-collar crime. Therefore, if the identification of the terrorist act, in the perpetrators eyes, is positive the implication for official regimes becomes positive. Take State-sponsored terrorism as an example, if such States are industrialised societies than industries are active participating actors within the official terrorist regime. Furthering the example, because State -sponsored terrorism usually involves bureaucracy (police, armed forces, intelligence agencies, secret police, immigration control, and information control) it becomes the administration of terror thus identifying the definition of terrorism as a positive outcome. Moreover, Thornton describes the identification of terrorism as a problem of its definition by suggesting its a process of disorientation, the most characteristic use of terror (Thornton 2002: 86). However, it is important to emphasise that in Thorntons quotation of terrorism he places emphasis on terrorisms extranormal quality. Firstly, one would like to highlight the use of terror in Thorntons quotation is solely placed within the upper levels of the continuum of political agitation and therefore is not representational of terrorism as a whole but only political motivated terrorism. Furthermore, Thornton is placed with the difficulty of defining extranormal a difficulty which is not resolved throughout his argument. One maintains that it would be more productive to seek other ways by which the identification of the definition of terrorism could be more distinguishable from other forms of crime, for example, muggings both of which have the effect of producing State terror in the v ictim. One way terrorism can be distinguishes from other forms of crime is that it has an audience wider than the primary victim, although, the same can be said about muggings. For instance, if a number of muggings take place in certain location, intense fear will be engendered in many other individuals who have cause to be or in the same places. The identifiable feature, that distinguishes terrorism to other forms of crime, therefore, is the design to create anxiety rather than the extranormality of the anxiety, which Thornton discussed. Terrorism is further characterised by its highly symbolic content. Thornton contends that the symbolic nature of terrorism contributes significantly to its relatively high efficacy. Thus; If the terrorist comprehends that he is seeking a demonstration effect, he will attack targets with a maximum symbolic value. The symbols of the State are particularly important, but perhaps even more are those referring to the normative structures and relationships that constitute the supporting framework of society. By showing the weakness of this framework, the insurgents demonstrate not only their own strength and the weakness of the incumbents but also the inability of the society to provide support for its members in a time of crises. (Thornton: 2002: 91) To further the claim that the problem in defining the phrase terrorism is down to identification we must strengthen Thorntons argument by introducing two terrorist approaches, these are enforcement terrorism and agitational terrorism. A Tale of Two Terrorist Approaches Enforcement Terror and Agitational Terror Within Thorntons broad definition of terrorism, he has distinguished two categories of how terrorism can be defined. These are through the uses of enforcement terror and agitational terror within terrorist activities. The first approach, enforcement terror, is used by those in power who wish to annihilate challenges to their authority, and the second approach, agitational terror, describes the terroristic activities of those who wish to disrupt the existing status quo and ascend to political power (Thornton 2002: 117). For instance, Nazi Germany and Stalin Russia can be said to inhabit examples of enforcement terror as each government would use fear tactics such as the murder of their citizens to shock them into not establishing a rebellion. Whereas, it could be argued that some socio-political groups such as the Irish Republic Army (IRA) use agitational terror such as the bombing of public places in order to achieve political power. Similarly, May (1974: 285) also observed a divide into the broad definition of terrorism, he theorises these as; the regime of terror and the siege of terror. The former, May refers to, is terrorism in service of establishing order, while the latter refers to terrorism in service of revolutionary movements. May accedes that the regime of terror is more important of the two but also notes how the siege of terror is also what grips societys attention, as May states revolutionary terrorism, derivative and reflexive though it may be, exposes a level of perception into the universe of killing and being killed that may be even more revealing than state terrorism (May 1974: 290). The argument May puts forth about the regime of terror versus the siege of terror is in fact one of the most interesting puzzles of anyone studying terrorism to come to grips with as most commentators and scholars often focus their attention on the insurgence of terrorism rather than the incumbent nature of terrorism. There are a number of apparent explanations for this. Firstly, one of the hallmarks of insurgence terrorism is that it is dramatic and thus newsworthy. The reason why insurgence terrorism is newsworthy is that it is atypical in nature, it can be addressed stereotypically, and it can be contrasted against a backdrop of normality which is largely overly-typical (Cohen and Young 1981: 52). Thus, when terrorism becomes institutionalised as a form of governance it makes headlines less often simply because it has less news value than a high jacking of an airliner. Another reason for the lack of attention paid toward what May called the regime of terror may be traced back to t he processes of constructing social realities. To explain, the portrayal of official terrorists as rational beings compared to the lunatic and out-of-control nature of the individual terrorist encourages the mass of society to see the threat to their physical and psychic integrity coming from the latter direction (Reddy 1998: 163). Many academics adopt this notion that while states that enforce a regime of terror may be undesirable, the immediate fear from society perhaps mostly from imagery projected into the public persona from the mass media is individual terrorism. It is this component of uncertainly that plays a large part here. For instance, state terrorist activities may be brutal and unjust (Chomsky 2005: 185), but, in general, one knows what activities not to indulge in in order to escape its immediate and person intrusion. Moreover, it also has to be noted that individual terrorism by contrast bears no necessary relation to ones own behaviour. It appears random and dangerous. Here again we hear the echoes of the impact the media has on reporting such events. Furthermore, it must be remembered that many states currently experiencing terrorism are authoritarian states that exert to some extent control over what the news reports. In said cases, therefore, the media can hardly castigate authoritarian go vernments for their excesses thus fearing reprisals such as license cancellation but they can, and do, bring the threat of terrorism by small groups and individuals into the homes of the masses. The view of terrorism therefore is fostered of a society plagued by dangerous extremists damaging the fabric of everyday life and threatening the sate whilst ignoring the greater damage that is being perpetrated as a result of government policies and action plans. However, it is of course much easier to focus greater emphasis on a specific perpetrator than on one amorphous system. There is, therefore, are some sensible practical reasons for the reluctance of scholars studying the phenomenon of state terrorism. For instance, Gloom noted; Historians find it difficult to think themselves into the mores of Robespierres or a Stalins regime of terror and it is dangerous to conduct field research in contemporary regime of terror. It is far easier to conceptualise the use of terror as a weapon to achieve a specific goal rather than a form of a regular and normal government (Gloom 1978: 73) Further to this, the only systematic effort develop general theory of terrorism based on an analysis o

Televisions Positive Effects On Society Essay -- essays research paper

Television's Positive Effects on Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Marie Winn and her essay â€Å"The Plug-In Drug,† television has various negative effects on our society today. In her essay Winn explores the ways in which television has harmfully caused disruptions with the quality of family life, rituals, and values. She recognizes there is a problem with our society and the way in which it is consistently influenced by television. I am able to agree with Winn on this point, but I do not feel that the totality of the influence is negative. Television today has a lot of positive effects and influences on our society and our American culture. Television gives us helpful information, various forms of education, and entertainment which are all a part of the positive effects that television has on our society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On a day to day basis, the television keeps us informed with plenty of helpful information. We are informed through the television of the latest news, weather, and information which are important in our daily lives. The television often acts as an almanac, dictionary, and an eye into the world around us. It informs us of the most recent happenings around the world within seconds. Such as the O.J. Simpson trial, the Oklahoma City bombing, and the wars taking place in the Middle East. Through TV we can be warned about almost anything from a hurricane approaching to the fact that the stock market is falling. Th...

Banks in the Philippines

————————————————- List of banks in the Philippines From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The  Philippines  has a comprehensive banking system encompassing various types of banks, from large  universal banks  to small  rural banks  and even  non-banks. As at 31 March 2011, there are 19 universal banks, 19  commercial banks, 73  thrift banks, 595 rural banks, 40  credit unions  and 15 non-banks with quasi-banking functions, all licensed with the  Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas(Central Bank of the Philippines) under  Republic Act  No. 791, also known as the General Banking Act of 2000, share roughly the same powers. ————————————————- —————————————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Powers of a universal bank A universal bank has the same powers as a commercial bank with the following additional powers: the powers of an  investment house  as provided in existing laws and the power to invest in non-allied enterprises. List of local universal banks Government-owned * Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank of the Philippines * Development Bank of the Philippines Land Bank of the Philippines [edit]Private-owned 1. Banco de Oro Universal Bank 2. Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company 3. Bank of the Philippine Islands 4. Philippine National Bank 5. Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation 6. UnionBank of the Philippines 7. China Banking Corporation 8. Citibank 9. East West Bank 10. Philippine Savings Bank 11. Philtrust Bank  (Philippine Trust Company) 12. Security Bank 13. United Coconut Planters Bank 14. Allied Bank Corporation ———————————————â€⠀- [edit]Powers of a commercial bankIn addition to having the powers of a thrift bank, a commercial bank has the power to accept drafts and issue  letters of credit; discount and negotiate  promissory notes, drafts,  bills of exchange, and other evidences of  debt; accept or create demand deposits; receive other types of deposits and deposit substitutes; buy and sell foreign exchange and  gold  or  silver  bullion; acquire marketable  bonds  and other debt securities; and extend credit. [edit]List of local commercial banks * Asia United Bank * Bank of Commerce * BDO Private Bank  (subsidiary of Banco de Oro) * Philippine Bank of Communications Philippine Veterans Bank * Robinsons Bank Corporation [edit]List of foreign banks with commercial banking operations [edit]Branches * Australia and New Zealand Banking Group * Bangkok Bank * Bank of America, N. A. * Bank of China * Chinatrust Commercial Bank * Citibank, N. A. * Deutsche Bank AG * Hongkong and Shanghai Ba nking Corporation * ING Group * JPMorgan Chase * Korea Exchange Bank * Mega International Commercial Bank * Mizuho Corporate Bank * Standard Chartered Bank * The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. ————————————————- [edit]Thrift banks [edit]Powers of a thrift bankA thrift bank has the power to accept savings and time deposits, act as a correspondent with other financial institutions and as a collection agent for government entities, issue mortgages, engage in real estate transactions and extend credit. In addition, thrift banks may also maintain checking accounts, act as a depository for government entities and local government units and engage in quasi-banking and money market operations subject to the approval of the Bangko Sentral. As per the banker Amit Malhotra, the performance of thrift banks are underrated. [edit]List of local thrift banks [edit]Government-owned * Ph ilippine Postal Savings Bank edit]Privately owned * Accord Savings Bank * Allied Savings Bank  (subsidiary of Allied Bank) * Anchor Savings Bank * Area Development Bank * Asiatrust Development Bank * Bank of Calape * Bank of Cebu * BankOne Savings and Trust Corporation * Bankwise * Bataan Development Bank * Bataan Savings and Loan Bank * BPI Direct Savings Bank  (subsidiary of Bank of the Philippine Islands) * BPI Family Savings Bank  (subsidiary of Bank of the Philippine Islands) * Business and Consumers Bank * Century Savings Bank * Chinabank Savings  (formerly Manila Bank; subsidiary of Chinabank) * City Savings Bank * Citystate Savings Bank Cordillera Savings and Loan Bank * Dumaguete City Development Bank * Dungganon Bank * EIB Savings Bank  (subsidiary of Export and Industry Bank) * Equicom Savings Bank * Express Savings Bank * Farmers Savings and Loan Bank * First Consolidated Bank * GSIS Family Bank  (subsidiary of the  Government Service Insurance System) * Hi yas Bank * Iloilo City Development Bank * Inter-Asia Development Bank * ISLA Bank * Kauswagan Bank * Legazpi Savings Bank, Inc. * Lemery Savings and Loan Bank * Liberty Savings and Loan Association * Life Savings Bank * Luzon Development Bank * Malasiqui Progressive Savings and Loan Bank Malayan Bank * Metro Cebu Public Savings Bank * Micro Enterprise Bank * Microfinance Maximum Savings Bank, Inc. (MAXBANK) * Northpoint Development Bank * Opportunity Microfinance Bank * Optimum Development Bank * Pacific Ace Savings Bank * Palawan Development Bank * Pampanga Development Bank * Penafrancia Savings and Loan Association * Philam Savings Bank  (subsidiary of  Philam Life) * Philippine Business Bank * Philippine Savings Bank  (Metrobank Group) * Planters Development Bank * Premiere Development Bank  (to be acquired by Security Bank) * Progress Savings and Loan Association * Queen City Development Bank Quezon Coconut Producers Savings and Loan Bank * RCBC Savings Bank (subsidiary of Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation) * Robinsons Savings Bank  (subsidiary of  JG Summit Holdings) * Sampaguita Savings and Loan Association * San Pablo City Development Bank * Sandigan Savings Bank * Silangan Savings and Loan Bank * Sterling Bank of Asia * The Real Bank * Tower Development Bank * UCPB Savings Bank  (subsidiary of United Coconut Planters Bank) * University Savings and Loan Bank * Village Savings and Loan Association * Vizcaya Savings and Loan Association * Wealth Development Bank * Winbank * World Partners Bank edit]List of foreign banks with thrift banking operations * Citibank  (through Citibank Savings) * HSBC  (through HSBC Savings Bank) * United Overseas Bank ————————————————- [edit]Cooperative and rural banks Rural and cooperative banks are the more popular type of banks in the rural communities. Their role is to promote and expand the rural economy in an orderly and effective manner by providing the people in the rural communities with basic financial services. Rural and cooperative banks help farmers through the stages of production, from buying seedlings to marketing of their produce.Rural banks and cooperative banks are differentiated from each other by ownership. While rural banks are privately owned and managed, cooperative banks are organized/owned by cooperatives or federation of cooperatives. A rural bank has the power to provide adequate credit facilities to farmers and merchants or to cooperatives of such farmers and merchants and, in general, to the people of the rural communities of which the rural bank operates in. [edit]List of cooperative banks * Agusan del Norte Cooperative Bank * Bataan Cooperative Bank * Banco Cooperativa de Zamboanga * Camiguin Cooperative Bank * Capiz Settlers Cooperative Bank Cooperative Bank of Agusan del Sur * Cooperative Bank of Aklan * Cooperative Bank of Aurora * Coopera tive Bank of Benguet * Cooperative Bank of Bohol * Cooperative Bank of Bukidnon * Cooperative Bank of Bulacan * Cooperative Bank of Cagayan * Cooperative Bank of Camarines Norte * Cooperative Bank of Camarines Sur * Cooperative Bank of Cavite * Cooperative Bank of Cebu * Cooperative Bank of Davao del Sur * Cooperative Bank of Ilocos Norte * Cooperative Bank of Iloilo * Cooperative Bank of La Union * Cooperative Bank of Lanao del Norte * Cooperative Bank of Misamis Oriental * Cooperative Bank of Mountain Province Cooperative Bank of Negros Oriental * Cooperative Bank of Cotabato * Cooperative Bank of Nueva Ecija * Cooperative Bank of Palawan * Cooperative Bank of Pampanga * Cooperative Bank of Quezon Province * Cooperative Bank of Surigao del Sur * Cooperative Bank of Tarlac * Cooperative Bank of Zambales * Cooperative Bank of Zamboanga del Norte * Cooperative Bank of Zamboanga del Sur * Countryside Cooperative Bank of Batangas * First Isabela Cooperative Bank * Ilocos Sur Cooperativ e Bank * Leyte Cooperative Bank * Metro South Cooperative Bank * National Teachers and Employees Cooperative Bank * Occidental Mindoro Cooperative Bank Samahang Nayon Cooperative Bank of Nueva Vizcaya * Sorsogon Provincial Cooperative Bank * Southern Leyte Cooperative Bank [edit]List of rural banks [edit]Agusan del Norte * Green Bank [edit]Agusan del Sur * Peoples Bank of Caraga, Inc. [edit]Aklan * Rural Bank of Altavas * Rural Bank of Balete * Rural Bank of Banga (Aklan) * Rural Bank of Makato * Rural Bank of New Washington * Rural Bank of Malinao – Microsavers Bank [edit]Albay * Camalig Bank * Cagsawa Rural Bank * Ibalon Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Guinobatan [edit]Bataan * Balanga Rural Bank * Orani Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Abucay * Rural Bank of Bagac [edit]Batangas 5 Speed Rural Bank * Balayan Bay Rural Bank * Banco Batangan * Banco ng Masa * Bangko Kabayan * Batangas Rural Bank for Cooperatives * Bolbok Rural Bank * Calaca Rural Bank * Classic Rural Bank * Dynamic Bank * Empire Rural Bank * Excel Rural Bank * Farmers Rural Bank * First Coconut Rural Bank * Limcoma Rural Bank * Lipa Bank * Lipa Public Bank * Lobo Rural Bank * Malarayat Rural Bank * Mount Makiling Rural Bank * New Rural Bank of Agoncillo * President Jose P. Laurel Rural Bank * Progressive Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Alitagtag * Rural Bank of Padre Garcia * Sto Rosario Rural BAnk * Women's Rural Bank, Inc. [edit]Bohol First Consolidated Bank [edit]Biliran * Rural Bank of Naval, Inc. [edit]Benguet * Benguet Center Bank * Diamond Rural Bank * Highland Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Baguio [edit]Bukidnon * Malaybalay Rural Bank * Asian Hills Bank [edit]Bulacan * Agricom Rural Bank * Apex Rural Bank * Baliuag Rural Bank * Banco Rural de General Tinio * Bangko Luzon * Bangko Rural ng Kalumpit * Rural Bank of San Pascual inc. * Delmont Bank  (Rural bank of  San Jose del Monte City) * East Coast Rural Bank of Hagonoy * Emerald Rural Bank * Fil-Agro Rural Bank * Gateway Rural Bank * Meyacaua yan Second Rural Bank, Inc. * La Consolacion Rural Bank Rural Bank of Angat * Rural Bank of Dona Remedios Trinidad * Silahis Bank * Rural Bank of Bustos * Rural Bank of Pandi [edit]Cagayan * Providence Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Gattaran * Claveria Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Sanchez Mira [edit]Camarines Sur * Bangko Rural ng Magarao * Bangko Rural ng Pasacao * First Naga Rural Bank * G-7 Bank * Municipal Rural Bank of Libmanan * Municipal Rural Bank of Nabua * Penafrancia Rural Bank of Calabanga * Rural Bank of Sipocot * Rural Bank of Pamplona * Rural Bank of Minalabac * Rural Bank of San Fernando * Rural Bank of Cabusao * Rural Bank of San Jose * Rural Bank of Pili * Rural Bank of Milaor Rural Bank of Ragay * Rural Bank of Iriga [edit]Camiguin * Mambajao Community Rural Bank * Philippine Intercity Rural Bank [edit]Capiz * Farmer's Bank of Capiz * President Roxas Rural Bank, Inc. * Rural Bank of Mambusao, Inc. * Rural Bank of Panay, Inc. * Rural Bank of Dao, Inc. * Rural Bank of Pil ar, Inc. * Rural Bank of Pilar, Inc. , Roxas City Branch * Rural Bank of Ivisan, Inc. * Rural Bank of Cuartero, Inc. * Rural Bank of Jamindan, Inc. * Rural Bank of Sapian, Inc. [edit]Cavite * Advance Rural Bank * Bangko Mabuhay * Capitol City Rural Bank of Trece Martires * Cavite Rural Banking Corporation * Cebuana Lhuillier Rural Bank Central Equity Rural Bank * Community Bank * First Reliance Bank * GMA Rural Bank of Cavite * Imus Rural Bank * Masuerte Rural Bank of Bacoor * Rural Bank of Amadeo * Rural Bank of Magallanes * Rural Bank of Maragondon * Unlad Rural Bank of Noveleta, Inc. [edit]Cebu * Frontier Rural Bank * Aspac Rural Bank * Banco Maximo * Banco of East Asia * Banco Rural de Isla Cordova * Cardinal Rural Bank * Coastal Bank * Community Rural Bank of Catmon * Community Rural Bank of Medellin * First Agro Industrial Rural Bank * Frontier Rural Bank * Lapu Lapu Rural Bank * Mactan Rural Bank * Philippine Countryside Rural Bank * Pilipino Rural Bank Plaza Rural Bank * Upl and Rural Bank [edit]Compostela Valley * Rural Bank, Inc. * Money Mall Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Montevista(Davao), Inc * Rural Bank of Compostela(Davao), Inc * Rural Bank of Mawab [edit]Davao del Norte * First Tagum Rural Bank, Inc. * Century Rural Bank [edit]Davao del Sur * First Tagum Rural Bank, Inc. * Community Rural Bank of Magsaysay * One Network Bank * Rural Bank of Digos, Inc. [edit]Davao Oriental * First Tagum Rural Bank, Inc. * Rural Bank of Baganga [edit]Ifugao * Lagawe Highlands Rural Bank [edit]Ilocos Norte * Banco Dingras * Ilocandia Community Bank * Cooperative Bank of Ilocos Norte San Nicolas Cooperative Bank of Ilocos Norte-Laoag City * Cooperative Bank of Ilocos Norte-Batac City [edit]Ilocos Sur * Cordillera Bank * Vigan Banco Rural Incorporada * Rural Bank of Tagudin, Inc * Rural Bank of Cabugao, Inc. * Rural Bank of Sta. Maria, Inc * Sadiri Rural Bank, Inc. * Rural Bank of Magsingal, Inc. * Ilocos Sur Cooperative Bank [edit]Iloilo * Rural Bank of Guimbal (Iloil o) * Racso's Bank * Bangko Buena Consolidated * Rural Bank of Santa Barbara (Iloilo) * Community Rural Bank of San Joaquin * Farmers Trader Rural Bank * First Midland Rural Bank * Janiuay Rural Bank * LifeBank * Progressive Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Alimodian Rural Bank of Anilao * Rural Bank of Badiangan * Rural Bank of Leganes * Rural Bank of Oton [edit]Isabela * Banco Agricola * Golden Rural Bank of the Philippines * Mallig Plains Rural Bank * Philippine Rural Banking Corporation * Rural Bank of Alicia * Rural Bank of Angadanan * Rural Bank of Benito Soliven * Providence Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Magsaysay, Isa. Inc. * Rural Bank of Cauayan, Inc. [edit]Laguna * Rural Bank of Bay,Inc. * Binan Rural Bank * Card Rural Bank * De La O Rural Bank * Entrepreneur Rural Bank * First United Farmers Bank * Key Rural Bank * Ormon Bank * PlanBank Rural Bank of Canlubang Planters Provident Rural Bank of Santa Cruz * Rural Bank of Alaminos * Laguna Prestige Banking Corporation * Rural Bank of Lumban * Rural Bank of Mabitac, Inc. * Rural Bank of Nagcarlan * Rural Bank of Paete * Rural Bank of Pagsanjan * Rural Bank of Calauan * Rural Bank of Calamba * Malarayat Bank * Rural Bank Of Magdalena (Laguna) * CARD Bank [edit]Lanao del Sur * Bagong Bangko Rural ng Malabang * Maranao Rural Bank [edit]Leyte * First Interstate Bank * Rural Bank of Dulag * Rural Bank of Hindang * Rural Bank of Hilongos * Rural Bank of Bato * Rural Bank of Burauen * Rural Bank of Ormoc * Rural Bank of Naval, Carigara Branch edit]Southern Leyte * Rural Bank of Maasin * Rural Bank of Malitbog * Rural Bank of Padre Burgos * Rural Bank of Hinundayan * Rural Bank of San Juan [edit]Maguindanao * New Settlers Bank [edit]Metro Manila * AMA Bank * Baclaran Rural Bank * Banco de Jesus Rural Bank * Banco San Juan * Bangko Pasig * BMS Rural Bank * Builders Rural Bank * Country Rural Bank of Taguig * Enterprise Capital Rural Bank * Filipino Savers Bank * Finman Rural Bank * First Country Rural Bank * First Macro Bank * Insular Rural Bank * MVSM Bank (A Rural Bank Since 1953) * Rodriguez Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Alabang * Bank of Makati * Tambunting Bank edit]Misamis Occidental * Community Rural Bank of Clarin * First Community Cooperative Bank of Misamis Occidental * Panguil Bay Rural Bank of Ozamiz * Rural Bank of Bonifacio * Rural Bank of Tudela * Bank of Misamis. The merging of Rural Bank of Tudela, Mis. Occ. and Rural Bank of Kolambogan, Lanao del Nort * Rural Bank of Plaridel [edit]Misamis Oriental * Bangko Rural ng Tagoloan * Community Rural Bank of Naawan * Philippine Farmers Bank * Rural Bank of Talisayan * first Valley Bank [edit]Mountain Province * Rural Bank of Sagada [edit]Negros Occidental * Rural Bank of Marayo * Community Rural Bank of Magallon First Community Bank * First State Rural Bank * Nation Bank * New Rural Bank of Binalbagan, Inc. * New Rural Bank of Victorias * Rural Bank of Bacolod City [edit]Negros Oriental * Central Visayas Rural Bank * Dumaguete Rural Bank * R ural Bank of Amlan * Rural Bank of Ayungon * Rural Bank of Bacong * Rural Bank of Guihulngan * Rural Bank of Valencia * Rural Bank of Manjuyod * Rural Bank of Larena * Rural Bank of Basay * Rural Bank of Pamplona * Rural Bank of Santa Catalina * SG Bank [edit]Nueva Ecija * Aliaga Farmers Rural Bank * Banco Rural de General Tinio * Bangko Luzon Inc. * Cabanatuan City Rural Bank * Citizen's Rural Bank Cooperative Bank of Nueva Ecija * Cuyapo Rural Bank * FARM Bank * GM Bank Inc. * Kabalikat Rural Bank * Masagana Rural Bank * Merchant Rural Bank of Talavera * Millennium Bank * New Rural Bank of Guimba * New Rural Bank of San Leonardo * Producers Rural Bank of San Jose City * Rural Bank of Laur * Rural Bank of Lupao * Rural Bank of Quezon * Rural Bank of Makati * Rural Bank of Sto. Domingo * Small & Medium Enterprise Bank * Towncall Rural Bank * Westmont Bank [edit]Nueva Vizcaya * Agri Business Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Aritao * Rural Bank of Solano * Cooperative Bank of Nueva Vizcaya [edit]Oriental Mindoro Oriental Tamaraw Rural Bank of Naujan * Rural Bank of Baco * Rural Bank of Gloria * Rural Bank of Bansud * Rural Bank of Pinamalayan * Rural Bank of Pola * Rural Bank of Naujan * Rural Bank of Victoria * Rural Bank of Socorro * Rural Bank of Bongabong [edit]Pampanga * Rural Bank of Porac * Banco Nuestra Senora del Pilar * Bank of Florida * Bangko San Lus (2nd Rural Bank of San Luis) * Crown Bank * Delta Civic Bank * Guagua Rural Bank * Guagua Savers Bank * Rural Bank of Angeles * Rural Bank of Apalit * Rural Bank of San Luis * Unity Bank [edit]Pangasinan * Banco Rural de San Antonio * Bangko Pangasinan * Bani Rural Bank BHF Rural Bank * Corfarm Rural Bank of Umingan * CSF Rural Bank of Bayambang * Gulf Bank * Kaluyagan Rural Bank * Kaunlaran Rural Bank * Pangasinan Bank * People's Rural Bank of Binmaley * Rural Bank of Agno * Rural Bank of Alaminos * Rural Bank of Anda * Rural Bank of Dasol * Rural Bank of Bautista * Rural Bank of Mangaldan [edit]Quezon * St. Jude Cooperative Bank * Quezon Capital Rural Bank * Grand-Agri Rural Bank * Mega Rural Bank * Polillo Island Rural Bank * Quezon Capital Rural Bank * Quezon Traders Rural Bank of Candelaria * Rural Bank of Alabat * Rural Bank of Atimonan * Rural Bank of Candelaria * Rural Bank of Dolores Rural Bank of Lucban * Rural Bank of Mauban * Rural Bank of Sariaya * Rural Bank of Tagkawayan * Tiaong Rural Bank [edit]Rizal * Binangonan Rural Bank * Eastern Rizal Rural Bank * Filidian Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Cardona * Growers Rural Bank * Tanay Rural Bank * Rizal Rural Bank (Taytay), Inc. * Rural Bank of Angono * Rural Bank of Antipolo * Rural Bank of Cainta * Rural Bank of Montalban * Rural Bank of Pililla [edit]Romblon * Community Rural Bank of Romblon [edit]Sarangani * Rural Bank of DAR Beneficiaries Cooperative * Rural Bank of Alabel * Sarangani Rural Bank, Inc. [edit]South Cotabato * Peninsula Rural Bank People's Rural Bank * Partner Rural Bank, Surallah, So. Cot. * Rural Bank of Norala (Norala, So. Cot. ), Inc. [edit]Southern Leyte * Community Rural Bank of Maasin [edit]Sultan Kudarat * Partner Rural Bank, Tacurong City [edit]Surigao del Sur * Bangko Carrascal * Enterprise Bank  www. ebi. ph]] * Cantilan Bank, Inc. [edit]Surigao del Norte * Surigaonon Rural Banking Corporation * Evergreen Rural Bank,Inc. * Siargao Bank * Rural Bank of Placer [edit]Tarlac * Bangko Santo Nino * Camiling Rural Bank * First Provincial Bank * Rural Bank of Tarlac * Rural Bank of Victoria * Rural Bank of Pura * Rural Bank of La Paz * St. Michael Rural Bank edit]Zambales * Community Rural Bank of San Felipe * Countryside Rural Bank of Palauig * Maharlika Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Cabangan * Zambank * Unity Bank * Rural Bank of Candelaria Zambales, Inc. * Rural Bank of San Narcisco, Inc. * Rural Bank of San Marcelino, Inc. [edit]Zamboanga del Norte * Rural Bank of Labason * Community Rural Bank of Dapitan City * Rural Bank of Roxas * Katipunan Rural Bank * Rizal Rural Bank * Rural Ban k of Dipolog City * Rural Bank of Siocon * Rural Bank of Liloy [edit]Zamboanga del Sur * Rural Bank of Pagadian City * Rural Bank of Salug Valley [edit]Zamboanga Sibugay * Rural Bank of Kabasalan Inc. edit]Zamboanga City * Rural Bank of Siocon Inc. * Rural Bank of Zamboanga * Banco Cooperativa de Zamboanga ————————————————- [edit]Defunct or merged banks * Citytrust  Savings Bank (acquired by Bank of the Philippine Islands) * Acme Savings Bank(Acquired by the Sy Group of Companies and Renamed  Banco De Oro) * Far East Bank and Trust Company  (acquired by Bank of the Philippine Islands) * People's Bank and Trust Company(acquired by Bank of the Philippine Islands) * SolidBank Corporation (acquired by Metropolitan Bank and Trust Co) * G7 Bank * Insular Savings Bank  (acquired by Citibank) International Exchange Bank  (acquired by Union Bank of the Philippines) * Insu lar Bank of Asia and America (Merged with  Philippine Commercial International Bank) * Monte de Piedad Savings Bank  (acquired by Keppel Bank) * Mindanao Development Bank(Merged with  Equitable Banking Corporation) * Ecology Bank(Merged with  Equitable Banking Corporation) * Keppel Bank  (acquired by  GE Capital Finance) * Philippine Commercial International Bank  (merged with Equitable Bank forming  Equitable PCI Bank  and now merged with  Banco De Oro) * PCIBank Savings (bought by the HSBC Group and renamed HSBC Savings Bank. * DBS Bank Philippines Ltd. (acquired by BPI) * Equitable Banking Corporation  (merged with PCI Bank forming  Equitable PCI Bank  and now merged with  Banco De Oro) * Prudential Bank  (acquired by Bank of the Philippine Islands) * Urban Bank  (forced to close then merged with Export and Industry Bank) * Equitable PCI Bank  (merged with Banco de Oro) * Export and Industry Bank * American Express Bank  (Renamed BDO Elite Savi ngs Bank) * Equitable Savings Bank  (merged with BDO) * Banco Santander Central Hispano (Philippine subsidiary acquired by  Banco De Oro  and renamed BDO Private Bank) * Dao Heng Bank  (acquired by Banco e Oro) * 1st E Bank  (Philippine Branches acquired by Banco de Oro) * United Overseas Bank  (66 out of 67 Branches merged with  Banco De Oro * BDO Elite Savings Bank (merged with BDO along with Equitable Savings, Equitable PCI and PCI Capital Corp) * GE Money Bank  (acquired by Banco de Oro) * Green Bank of Caraga(Acquired by East West Bank) * LBC Development Bank * Traders Royal Bank (Acquired by Bank of Commerce) * Capitol Bank (acquired by RCBC, now named as RCBC Savings Bank) * Asianbank (acquired by Metrobank)

Outsourcing and Company

What is Outsourcing? Outsourcing  is the  contracting  out of an internal  business process  to a third party organization. The practice of contracting a business process out to a third party rather than staffing it internally is common in the modern economy. The term â€Å"outsourcing† became popular in the  United States  near the turn of the 21st century. Outsourcing sometimes involves transferring employees and assets from one firm to another but not always. The definition of outsourcing includes both foreign and domestic contracting,  and sometimes includes  offshoring, which means relocating a business function to another country.Financial savings from lower international labor rates is a big motivation for outsourcing/offshoring. The opposite of outsourcing is called  insourcing, which entails bringing processes handled by third party firms in-house, and is sometimes accomplished via  vertical integration. However, a business can provide a contract service to another business without necessarily insourcing that business process. Advantages of Outsourcing : Outsourcing creates opportunities for a company to focus on lowering costs and improving the efficient allocation of resources within a company.Outsourcing allows a company to redirect its attention to its own competencies and hire outside resources to handle other tasks. For example, Jobs in the mid-west can often consist of phone tech support. However since it is even cheaper to pay people in India then support this community with jobs, it will send its jobs to India, another country which is an example of outsourcing. So outsourcing allows a firm to reduce costs and concentrate its resources on the things It does best while gaining access to expertise it may not have.Companies outsource primarily to cut costs. But today, it is not only about cutting cost but also about reaping the advantages of strategic outsourcing such as accessing skilled expertise, saving time, cutti ng cost, concentrating on networking, business growth and core competencies ,reducing overhead, flexible staffing, and increasing efficiency, reducing turnaround time and eventually generating more profit. 1. Accessing Skilled Expertise : One of the primary advantages of outsourcing is to get access to skilled expertise.This skill set may not be a core competency of a company’s business, but to allow on focusing on the core mission in providing a high quality product and service to its customer what makes sense is handing over the task to people who can perform it better. Moreover, as a double whammy, a company not only spends less on employee trainings and saves precious man-hours but cuts costs as well. 2. Saving time : When running a business, companies soon discover which skills they possess are strong, weak and non-existent.Rather than using their time and money to learn several new skills, they can simply outsource to someone who is already proficient. Perhaps they have other things in life besides business to focus on. Companies may want to spend the extra time outsourcing because it gives companies to learn a new skill such as public speaking, a new language, accounting, or some other subject. 3. Cutting Costs and Saving BIG! : Maintaining an infrastructure can be an extra burden for some businesses, which outsourcing can remove.Outsourcing business requirements to a trusted vendor can help companies to save on the capital expenditure, time, and extra efforts of their personnel. Additionally, companies are no longer committed to invest on employee training, or purchasing expensive software, or investing in latest technologies. All these help the companies to get higher returns in the longer run. For example, A small doctor's office that wants to accept a variety of insurance plans. One part-time person could not keep up with all the different providers and rules. Outsource to a firm specializing in medical billing. . Concentrating on Business Gr owth, Networking and Core Competencies : Workload increases with additional non-core functions and the quality of any company’s core activities suffers as the business grows. Outsourcing in such scenario to a third party plays an important role by allowing company’s key resources to focus on primary business tasks. Because of saving time and energy with outsourcing, companies can focus on growing their business. They can meet with important clients, attend seminars, find potential partners and network as well as tend to the management of the business.Companies can outsource their weakest areas to those who are already strong in them. 5. Reducing overhead : Overhead costs of performing a particular back-office function are extremely high. Paying wages to full-time employees can severely eat into your profits. It’s common for new start-ups to maximize savings by outsourcing to developing countries. People there, who are highly skilled, often work for only a few do llars per hour. It may seem low , but it’s often good money for them. Lower overheads from not having full-time employees may give the company competitive edge and mean the difference between success and failure. . Increasing in-house efficiency : After companies allocate tasks to their outsourcing partner, they share the workload of the companies’ employees. This allows the companies to develop their internal task force and use them more efficiently. 7. Staffing Flexibility : Outsourcing certain independent tasks, allows any company’s business to maintain a financial flexibility when there is an uncertainty in demand. The company can scale up or down comfortably. At a much lower cost, outsourcing provides additional benefit of running business in full throttle even during off season and holiday months.Example: An accounting department that is short-handed during tax season and auditing periods. Outsourcing these functions can provide the additional resources fo r a fixed period of time at a consistent cost. 8. Continuity & Risk Management : Periods of high employee turnover will add uncertainty and inconsistency to the operations. Outsourcing will provided a level of continuity to the company while reducing the risk that a substandard level of operation would bring to the company. Example: The human resource manager is on an extended medical leave and the two administrative assistants leave for new jobs in a very short period of time.Outsourcing the human resource function would reduce the risk and allow the company to keep operating. 9. Giving A Company’s Business A Competitive Edge : The ultimate benefit of outsourcing is that it helps the companies gain a competitive edge in the market. Through strategic outsourcing to an outsourcing partner, the companies are not only providing their customers with best-of breed services, but increasing their productivity while managing their in-house resources intelligently. Outsourcing can hel p them surpass competitors who have not yet realized the benefits of outsourcing. 10.Seeing An Overall Increase In The Company’s Business : Outsourcing shows an increase in company’s productivity, customer loyalty, level of quality, business value, profits, and much more. How will the changing face of education impact the supply chain? As you evaluate your choices and decisions in  outsourcing  different components of your operations, you will need to consider the advantages of outsourcing. When done for the right reasons, outsourcing will actually help your company grow and save money. There are other advantages of outsourcing that go beyond money. Here are the top seven advantages of outsourcing. . Focus On Core Activities In rapid growth periods, the back-office operations of a company will expand also. This expansion may start to consume resources (human and financial) at the expense of the core activities that have made your company successful. Outsourcing tho se activities will allow refocusing on those business activities that are important without sacrificing quality or service in the back-office. Example: A company lands a large contract that will significantly increase the volume of purchasing in a very short period of time; Outsource purchasing. 2. Cost And Efficiency SavingsBack-office functions that are complicated in nature, but the size of your company is preventing you from performing it at a consistent and reasonable cost, is another advantage of outsourcing. Example: A small doctor's office that wants to accept a variety of insurance plans. One part-time person could not keep up with all the different providers and rules. Outsource to a firm specializing in medical billing. 3. Reduced Overhead Overhead costs of performing a particular back-office function are extremely high. Consider outsourcing those functions which can be moved easily.Example: Growth has resulted in an increased need for office space. The current location i s very expensive and there is no room to expand. Outsource some simple operations in order to reduce the need for office space. For example, outbound telemarketing or data entry. 4. Operational Control Operations whose costs are running out of control must be considered for outsourcing. Departments that may have evolved over time into uncontrolled and poorly managed areas are prime motivators for outsourcing. In addition, an outsourcing company can bring better management skills to your company than what would otherwise be available.Example: An information technology department that has too many projects, not enough people and a budget that far exceeds their contribution to the organization. A contracted outsourcing agreement will force management to prioritize their requests and bring control back to that area. 5. Staffing Flexibility Outsourcing will allow operations that have seasonal or cyclical demands to bring in additional resources when you need them and release them when yo u're done. Example: An accounting department that is short-handed during tax season and auditing periods.Outsourcing these functions can provide the additional resources for a fixed period of time at a consistent cost. 6. Continuity & Risk Management Periods of high employee turnover will add uncertainty and inconsistency to the operations. Outsourcing will provided a level of continuity to the company while reducing the risk that a substandard level of operation would bring to the company. Example: The human resource manager is on an extended medical leave and the two administrative assistants leave for new jobs in a very short period of time. Outsourcing the human resource function would reduce the risk and allow the company to keep operating. . Develop Internal Staff A large project needs to be undertaken that requires skills that your staff does not possess. On-site outsourcing of the project will bring people with the skills you need into your company. Your people can work alon gside of them to acquire the new skill set. Example: A company needs to embark on a replacement/upgrade project on a variety of custom built equipment. Your engineers do not have the skills required to design new and upgraded equipment. Outsourcing this project and requiring the outsourced engineers to work on-site will allow your engineers to acquire a new skill set.

Free Essays on Underage Drinking

Alcohol is a drug most frequently used by American teenagers. It is consumed more than all other illegal drugs combined and is also the drug that is most associated with injury or death. Underage drinking is a serious problem for teenagers in the United States. People do not realize the effects that alcohol have on young growing adults. Alcohol is a drug that can affect judgment, coordination, and long term health. Underage drinking has no positive aspects to it. How can we say â€Å"yes† to underage drinking? The legal age to drink is twenty-one, and people should abide by the laws. Back in the 1960’s and early 70’s a number of states lowered their drinking age from twenty-one to eighteen. In many of these states, research found an increase in highway deaths due to this law. Since then, all states have raised the drinking age back up to twenty one. This just shows that at the age of eighteen your life takes off with too many responsibilities and it’s hard to handle alcohol. Children do not have enough responsibility and since they are now classified as adults they thinks they can do whatever they want. Underage drinkers are not very smart when it comes to judgment and other factors that take toll when operating a vehicle. Alcohol affects everyone judgment whether you are old or young, but it is more likely that a younger person will do more damage. Young teens are just not aware of what it can do to you and your body. One reason drinking is bad for you is because your brain doesn’t stop growing until your around twenty. Alcohol effects the growth of your brain and due to underage drinking it doesn’t give your brain full growing capacity. Also, your body’s organs do continue to grow until you get older and by drinking at such a young age it does not allow them to grow to full size or strength. Alcohol is also very addictive especially in young teens. It is more likely for children who start drinking underage to have a ... Free Essays on Underage Drinking Free Essays on Underage Drinking Underage Drinking Why are you given the rights to everything else but restricted from alcohol and for some reason you aren’t â€Å"responsible enough to drink?† The answer is plain and simple: you are looked at as being immature. We need to be taught about alcohol and then trusted to make decisions on our own. The only way we can be trusted is by being given the right to drink when we turn 18. Underage drinking will be minimized if the age group of 18 to 20 is allowed alcohol. Through education, we in the United States can move forward and overcome the underage drinking problem. I found one very developed group that has a goal and a very practical plan to change the legal age to 18. RALLY, which stands for Realistic Alcohol Laws for Legal Youth, knows that underage drinking is a problem and wants to see changes made to give 18 to 20 year-old adults their deserved rights. RALLY is designed for college students, by the college student and because of that system their ideas are the easiest to understand and live by. If you look around at college parties it seems as if everyone is drinking. Actually you are probably right, but over half of those people drinking are also under the legal drinking age. Drinking is one of the main forms of entertainment for the typical college student. The only problem with drinking being the main form of entertainment is that half of the students in college or 20 years or younger. This seems to be a problem all over the country and a debate has started to see whether or not lowering the drinking age would be a reasonable solution to keep students from over drinking. Many leaders at different universities such as Bill Jordan, a member of the Board of Trustees at the University of North Carolina, and Ruth Ings, a professor at Indiana University, believe that lowering the drinking age would solve many problems occurring at colleges today (Hochberg). Along with these leaders are the KU Senators at Kansa... Free Essays on Underage Drinking Alcohol is a drug most frequently used by American teenagers. It is consumed more than all other illegal drugs combined and is also the drug that is most associated with injury or death. Underage drinking is a serious problem for teenagers in the United States. People do not realize the effects that alcohol have on young growing adults. Alcohol is a drug that can affect judgment, coordination, and long term health. Underage drinking has no positive aspects to it. How can we say â€Å"yes† to underage drinking? The legal age to drink is twenty-one, and people should abide by the laws. Back in the 1960’s and early 70’s a number of states lowered their drinking age from twenty-one to eighteen. In many of these states, research found an increase in highway deaths due to this law. Since then, all states have raised the drinking age back up to twenty one. This just shows that at the age of eighteen your life takes off with too many responsibilities and it’s hard to handle alcohol. Children do not have enough responsibility and since they are now classified as adults they thinks they can do whatever they want. Underage drinkers are not very smart when it comes to judgment and other factors that take toll when operating a vehicle. Alcohol affects everyone judgment whether you are old or young, but it is more likely that a younger person will do more damage. Young teens are just not aware of what it can do to you and your body. One reason drinking is bad for you is because your brain doesn’t stop growing until your around twenty. Alcohol effects the growth of your brain and due to underage drinking it doesn’t give your brain full growing capacity. Also, your body’s organs do continue to grow until you get older and by drinking at such a young age it does not allow them to grow to full size or strength. Alcohol is also very addictive especially in young teens. It is more likely for children who start drinking underage to have a ...

Free Essays on John Donne

Death, commonly viewed as an all-powerful force against life, is otherwise described in John Donne’s Holy Sonnet 10. As found in any English Sonnet, there is a rhyme scheme and a standard meter. Although the standard meter is iambic pentameter, as in most English Sonnets, the rhyme scheme differs a little from the usual, consisting of ABBA ABBA CDDC AE. Sonnets convey various thoughts and feelings to the reader through the different moods set by the author. In this case the speaker having to confront Death and defeat it, sets the mood. Throughout existence, there have been many theories regarding exactly what role Death plays in the lives of those who experience it. Some think Death is the ultimate controller of all living things, while others believe it is nothing more than the act of dying once your time has come. Donne, on the other hand, has his own philosophy. The entire Sonnet, Donne speaks directly to Death. He personifies what to man has always been a spirit and has ne ver been touched, seen or furthermore killed. He gives Death life, and therefore makes it mortal, exposing it to pain, torment and eventually defeat. In lines one and two Donne says â€Å"Death, be not proud, though some have called thee, Mighty and dreadful thou art not so.† By referring to Death as a person, he makes it easier for the reader to bring Death down to a level of a weakness and venerability, allowing us to examine it to see what Death really is. Humans have always been slaves to Death, fearing it, running from it, and trying to prevent it. In line nine, the speaker goes against that to say that Death is a slave to fate, chance and us. When Death becomes a slave it is because it will benefit from who will die, but doesn’t have the power to kill. Without fate nothing could be determined, therefore, our fate is truthfully what controls our lives and deaths. It decides when our time has been completed on this earth, and then comes Death to take us away... Free Essays on John Donne Free Essays on John Donne Death, commonly viewed as an all-powerful force against life, is otherwise described in John Donne’s Holy Sonnet 10. As found in any English Sonnet, there is a rhyme scheme and a standard meter. Although the standard meter is iambic pentameter, as in most English Sonnets, the rhyme scheme differs a little from the usual, consisting of ABBA ABBA CDDC AE. Sonnets convey various thoughts and feelings to the reader through the different moods set by the author. In this case the speaker having to confront Death and defeat it, sets the mood. Throughout existence, there have been many theories regarding exactly what role Death plays in the lives of those who experience it. Some think Death is the ultimate controller of all living things, while others believe it is nothing more than the act of dying once your time has come. Donne, on the other hand, has his own philosophy. The entire Sonnet, Donne speaks directly to Death. He personifies what to man has always been a spirit and has ne ver been touched, seen or furthermore killed. He gives Death life, and therefore makes it mortal, exposing it to pain, torment and eventually defeat. In lines one and two Donne says â€Å"Death, be not proud, though some have called thee, Mighty and dreadful thou art not so.† By referring to Death as a person, he makes it easier for the reader to bring Death down to a level of a weakness and venerability, allowing us to examine it to see what Death really is. Humans have always been slaves to Death, fearing it, running from it, and trying to prevent it. In line nine, the speaker goes against that to say that Death is a slave to fate, chance and us. When Death becomes a slave it is because it will benefit from who will die, but doesn’t have the power to kill. Without fate nothing could be determined, therefore, our fate is truthfully what controls our lives and deaths. It decides when our time has been completed on this earth, and then comes Death to take us away... Free Essays on John Donne Death, commonly viewed as an all-powerful force against life, is otherwise described in John Donne’s Holy Sonnet 10. As found in any English Sonnet, there is a rhyme scheme and a standard meter. Although the standard meter is iambic pentameter, as in most English Sonnets, the rhyme scheme differs a little from the usual, consisting of ABBA ABBA CDDC AE. Sonnets convey various thoughts and feelings to the reader through the different moods set by the author. In this case the speaker having to confront Death and defeat it, sets the mood. Throughout existence, there have been many theories regarding exactly what role Death plays in the lives of those who experience it. Some think Death is the ultimate controller of all living things, while others believe it is nothing more than the act of dying once your time has come. Donne, on the other hand, has his own philosophy. The entire Sonnet, Donne speaks directly to Death. He personifies what to man has always been a spirit and has ne ver been touched, seen or furthermore killed. He gives Death life, and therefore makes it mortal, exposing it to pain, torment and eventually defeat. In lines one and two Donne says â€Å"Death, be not proud, though some have called thee, Mighty and dreadful thou art not so.† By referring to Death as a person, he makes it easier for the reader to bring Death down to a level of a weakness and venerability, allowing us to examine it to see what Death really is. Humans have always been slaves to Death, fearing it, running from it, and trying to prevent it. In line nine, the speaker goes against that to say that Death is a slave to fate, chance and us. When Death becomes a slave it is because it will benefit from who will die, but doesn’t have the power to kill. Without fate nothing could be determined, therefore, our fate is truthfully what controls our lives and deaths. It decides when our time has been completed on this earth, and then comes Death to take us away...

Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, GA. His birth certificate listed his first name as Michael, but this was later changed to Martin. His Grandfather and then his Father both served as the pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia. King graduated from Morehouse College in 1948 with a degree in Sociology. He further received a Bachelors of Divinity in 1951 and then a Ph.D. from Boston College in 1955. It was in Boston where he met and later married Coretta Scott. They had two sons and two daughters together. Becoming a Civil Rights Leader: Martin Luther King, Jr. was appointed the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama in 1954. It was while serving as pastor of the church that Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. This occurred on December 1, 1955. By December 5, 1955, the Montgomery Bus Boycott had begun. Montgomery Bus Boycott: On December 5, 1955, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was unanimously elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association which led the Montgomery Bus Boycott. During this time, African-Americans refused to ride the public bus system in Montgomery. Kings home was bombed due to his involvement. Thankfully his wife and baby daughter who were home at the time were unharmed. King was then arrested in February on the charges of conspiracy. The boycott lasted 382 days. At the end on December 21, 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation on public transportation was illegal. Southern Christian Leadership Conference: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was formed in 1957 and King was named its leader. Its goal was to provide leadership and organization in the fight for civil rights. He used the ideas of civil disobedience and peaceful protests based on the writings of Thoreau and the actions of Mohandas Gandhi to lead the organization and the fight against segregation and discrimination. Their demonstrations and activism helped lead to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Letter from a Birmingham Jail: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a major part of many nonviolent protests as he helped lead the fight for desegregation and equal rights. He was arrested numerous times. In 1963, numerous sit-ins were staged in Birmingham, Alabama to protest segregation in restaurants and eating facilities. King was arrested during one of these and while he was imprisoned wrote his famous Letter from a Birmingham Jail. In this letter, he argued that only through visible protests would progress be made. He argued that it was an individuals duty to protest and disobey unjust  laws. Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" Speech On August 28, 1963, the March on Washington led by King and other Civil Rights Leaders took place. It was the largest demonstration of its kind in Washington, D.C. up to that time and approximately 250,000 demonstrators were involved. It was during this March that King gave his awe-inspiring I Have a Dream speech while speaking from the Lincoln Memorial. He and the other leaders then met with President John F. Kennedy. They asked for many things including an end to segregation in public schools, greater protections for African-Americans, and more effective civil rights legislation amongst other things. Nobel Peace Prize In 1963, King was named Time Magazines Man of the Year. He had stepped onto the world stage. He met with Pope Paul VI in 1964 and then was honored as the youngest person ever to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. He was awarded this on December 10, 1964, at the age of thirty-five. He gave the entire amount of the prize money to help with the Civil Rights movement. Selma, Alabama On March 7, 1965, a group of protestors attempted a march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery. King was not part of this march because he had wanted to delay its start date until the 8th. However, the march was extremely important because it was met by terrible police brutality that was captured on film. The images of this made a huge impact on those not directly involved in the fight resulting in a public outcry for changes to be made. The March was attempted again, and the protestors successfully made it to Montgomery on March 25, 1965, where they heard King speak at the Capitol. Assassination Between 1965 and 1968, King continued with his protest work and fought for Civil Rights. King became a critic of the War in Vietnam. While speaking from a balcony at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King was assassinated. The day before he gave a poignant speech where he said, [Gods] allowed me to go up to the mountain. And Ive looked over. And Ive seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. While James Earl Ray was arrested and charged with the assassination, there have been and still are questions to his guilt and whether there was a larger conspiracy at work.