MOD 5 Discussion Determining Which Agency Should Command an ICS Post Essay

MOD 5 Discussion Determining Which Agency Should Command an ICS Post - Essay Example The irresistible ailment and synthetic tainting are both risky to general wellbeing and require crisis reaction dependent on specific strategies and vital arranging so they don't compromise open security or peril to open property. The ICS individual are uniquely prepared for such occasions and in this way they should assume control over the order of the circumstance once the open declaration is made on the issue. Non-clinical staff/supervisors regularly have settle on significant choices during a bio-fear based oppressor assault since it includes incorporated debacle reaction which likewise makes it vital for them to grow speedy organized arrangement that additionally incorporates close coordination of different organizations and volunteers to handle the circumstance. Clinical experts are centered around the ailments and its effect on individuals however come up short on the administrative initiative to build up an arranged methodology that would assist the procedure of early clearing and treatment of casualties/patients (Ness, 2006). In particular, the mastery of ICS in a debacle circumstance generally depends on their capacities to organize various organizations and projects into a solitary office for quick and proficient reaction to the emergency (Greene, 2002). They likewise have important abilities, methods and devices that can be conveyed rapidly for safeguarding casualties. (words:

Tattoos. Cultures that Use Tattoo and Methods of Tattooing Research Paper

Tattoos. Societies that Use Tattoo and Methods of Tattooing - Research Paper Example Albeit generally considered by some as a minor method of adorning one’s body with the common mythical serpent or butterfly, tattoos are viewed as an outlet of innovativeness and a mechanism of articulation by the individuals who genuinely comprehend and acknowledge workmanship. While tattoos regularly appear to convey negative relationship as the pictures of posses of intense biker young men, and their unbridled lady friends strike a chord as you consider such body embellishment, they are likewise considered enormously important and noteworthy by different societies. The individuals of Thailand view getting tattoos as a strict custom and they are regularly used to delineate blessed images like tigers, sanctuaries, or refrains from sacrosanct petitions. As opposed to this, the Japanese culture utilized tattoos to mark crooks for all time, which worked like an open presentation of one’s acts. Correspondingly, in Germany also, inking detainees with sequential numbers impli ed making it simpler to distinguish them. Such use of inking clarifies why tattoos are related with hoodlums and mafia men. Then again, notwithstanding, a few Germans have additionally reclaimed the status of inking to that of a type of a body craftsmanship by utilizing women’s bodies as their canvases to improve and subsequently show their aesthetic gifts. Local clans of the Polynesian Islands over the Pacific Ocean have made this a stride further as they view inking as a portrayal of one’s social remaining, as they utilize tattoos to outline heredity, rank in the public eye and sexuality (Wianecki, 2011). In Western societies, as should be obvious on the TV, the tattoo culture is enormously predominant, since various Hollywood on-screen characters like Eva Longoria, Megan Fox, and Ben Affleck, among others, are seen flaunting their tattoos on their lower backs, necks, lower legs and different other body parts. What's more, the tattoo culture is on the ascent and has genuinely become a fury as symbols, for example, Avril Lavigne and David Beckham decide to show their independence through a minuscule tattoo on the wrist, or through enormous ones on the back and arms (Mifflin, 1997). As these VIPs are turned upward to by tremendous fan followings, which immediately mirror their preferred icons, the inked people on the planet has expanded significantly. As distributed by the Daily News in Los Angeles, â€Å"Credible measurements on the quantity of individuals with tattoos are really hard to track down. Yet, in 2006, the Pew Research Center expressed that 36 percent of Americans ages 18-25, 40 percent of those 26-40 and 10 percent of individuals 41-64 have tattoos† (Auerbach, 2011). It is sheltered to state that the numbers have just been on the ascent from that point onward. Techniques Recently, inking has additionally gotten progressively famous for being instrumental as a strategy for plastic medical procedure for areola remaking (Aston, 2 009). The most well-known device utilized for inking is an electrically fueled tattoo machine that utilizes a needle or gathering of needles to penetrate ineradicable ink onto the skin so as to brighten the body for all time with a tattoo. After this agonizing method is attempted, the tattoo turns into a piece of a person’s clothing just as his/her character, and is flaunted as a style explanation, or an image of something one trusts in, or, as on account of some Indian entertainers like Deepika Padukone, even an image of adoration for one’s accomplice. This advantageous technique for inking with a drill-like machine, be that as it may, has been found as of late. Since inking had begun far back, when innovation was not as cutting edge, different techniques were under use to cause shading to infiltrate into the skin. In some innate societies, structures are cut into the skin and ink scouring cause shading. In others,

World Bank Junior Professional Associates Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

World Bank Junior Professional Associates Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog One common question our office receives from young people interested in our degrees is, What can I do to help prepare myself for admission?   There is of course not a single answer to this question.   When it comes to work experience, successful applicants to our programs come from all walks of life.   You could literally name almost any sector and I think we could find someone in our applicant pool with experience in the stated field.   Communications, education, finance, government, entertainment, engineering, medicine, dance, security, and this list could go on and on. There are many unique programs as well that are avenues into the policy arena.   One specific example is the World Bank Junior Professional Associates Program (JPA).   The following comes from the JPA Web site: Are you a recent graduate? Do you have passion for and commitment to helping others? Are you looking for a solid, two-year entry-level work experience in a multicultural environment? If so, you may be interested in the World Bank Groups  employment category: the Junior Professional Associates or JPA. In your JPA assignment, youll use your strong quantitative and qualitative analytical skills, your knowledge of technology and the web, and your research abilities working with more senior colleagues and project teams in their operational work. Youll have an opportunity to hone your skills and acquire new ones while gaining first-hand exposure to the challenges of development and poverty alleviation. Your experience as a JPA  can then be used as a stepping stone to a career in government, consulting, the private sector, or academia. To find out more visit the JPA Web site.

World Bank Junior Professional Associates Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

World Bank Junior Professional Associates Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog One common question our office receives from young people interested in our degrees is, What can I do to help prepare myself for admission?   There is of course not a single answer to this question.   When it comes to work experience, successful applicants to our programs come from all walks of life.   You could literally name almost any sector and I think we could find someone in our applicant pool with experience in the stated field.   Communications, education, finance, government, entertainment, engineering, medicine, dance, security, and this list could go on and on. There are many unique programs as well that are avenues into the policy arena.   One specific example is the World Bank Junior Professional Associates Program (JPA).   The following comes from the JPA Web site: Are you a recent graduate? Do you have passion for and commitment to helping others? Are you looking for a solid, two-year entry-level work experience in a multicultural environment? If so, you may be interested in the World Bank Groups  employment category: the Junior Professional Associates or JPA. In your JPA assignment, youll use your strong quantitative and qualitative analytical skills, your knowledge of technology and the web, and your research abilities working with more senior colleagues and project teams in their operational work. Youll have an opportunity to hone your skills and acquire new ones while gaining first-hand exposure to the challenges of development and poverty alleviation. Your experience as a JPA  can then be used as a stepping stone to a career in government, consulting, the private sector, or academia. To find out more visit the JPA Web site.

Animal Abuse Database Administration System - 2467 Words

According to the AARDAS (Animal Abuse Database Administration System) the four major causes of animal’s deaths include neglect, shooting, hoarding and fighting, followed by torture and mutation. (Evans 1) The abuse of animals is just one of the main rights that as humans we infiltrate. The ignorance of humans choosing to ignore the rights of innocent animals is drastically affecting our society. â€Å"The assumption that animals are without rights and the illusion that our treatment of them has no moral significance is a positively outrageous example of Western crudity and barbarity. Universal compassion is the only guarantee of morality.† (Author Schopenhauer). Animals have rights, and our society continues to overlook those rights by using them in research, factory farming, and holding them in captivity, and these issues must be addressed with all seriousness for the sake of the animals and our society. The history of animal rights dates back to 1824 when a small group from England formed the society for prevention of cruelty to the animals. (Owen 20) This group was formed in response to animals being forced to participate in bull baiting where dogs fought a tether ball. This act of entertainment ended with the tether ball winning while the dog was defeated and injured. The group managed to get the first couple laws passed forbidding cruel treatment such as bull baiting to animals. This was a milestone in animal rights history, and shortly after, the ASPCA (American SocietyShow MoreRelatedAnimal Abuse Database Administration System2501 Words   |  11 Pages â€Æ' .According to the AARDAS (Animal Abuse Database Administration System) the four major causes of animal’s deaths include neglect, shooting, hoarding and fighting, followed by torture and mutation. (Evans 1) The abuse of animals is just one of the main rights that as humans we infiltrate. The ignorance of humans choosing to ignore the rights of innocent animals is drastically affecting our society. â€Å"The assumption that animals are without rights and the illusion that our treatment of them hasRead MoreThe Evolution of Women in Nigeria1310 Words   |  6 Pagescolonialism. He grew up believing in the strong presence males and clearly demonstrates his alpha male character as head of the house. Mama Beatrice and her children is powerless and inferior to Papa. They are manipulated by Papa’s physical and mental abuse. Colonial missionaries and colonizers worked together to convert the people in Nigeria. Missionaries condemned the culture of Nigeria that challenged the â€Å"civil† traditions of Catholicism. However, Nigerian women represented Nigerian culture. AccordingRead MoreAlcoholism And Hypertension : The Rising Concerns Of National And Global Health Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesAlcoholism and Hypertension Introduction Alcohol and hypertension are two rising concerns in national and global health. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2014), 56.9% of adults in the United States have participated in drinking in the last month. Furthermore, 24.7% adults reported to participating in heavy or binge drinking. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that in 2012, 3.3 million deaths or 5.9% of all global deaths were linked to alcoholRead MoreThe Effects Of Negative Family Experiences On The Mental And Physical Health Of A Child1890 Words   |  8 Pagesa child. Numerous researches have been done on the topic and they all come to the conclusion that physical child abuse, sexual child abuse, paternal alcoholism, paternal unavailability, and domestic violence are very important factors in having a negative effect on the health of the child (Wolfe Jaffe, 1999). Often children subject to such domestic violence develop childhood animal cruelty. One can also blame the media (TV and internet) for developing such behavior early in childhood as nowadaysRead MoreEvolution Of Human Microchip Technology2010 Words   |  9 Pagescoated in silicate glass material and implanted in the body of an individual. In most cases, a sub-dermal implant that typically comprises of a unique identity number is used. The implant is linked to several information sources such as external database which at times may contain personal identification number, medical account, allergies, medication and contact information. Microchips might form one of the most tracking materials. According to Ho (2010), there have been debates concerning thisRead More Privatization of American Prisons: a System for Profit Essay8583 Words   |  35 Pagesbelieves that the findings of this paper will show that privatization of American prisons is for the most part an ineffective means to run prisons because it has the potential to cause abuse and corruption at all levels and is done for the sole purpose of profit. Privatization of American Prisons A System for Profit In America today there is a trend in corrections of taking the job of running prisons out of the hands of state and federal governments and contracting it out to privateRead MoreTraffic Safety Essay4727 Words   |  19 PagesThe National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) defines aggressive driving as the operation of a motor vehicle in a manner that endangers or is likely to endanger persons or propertyÂâ€"a traffic and not a criminal offense like road rage. Examples include speeding or driving too fast for conditions, improper lane changing, tailgating and improper passing. Approximately 6,800,000 crashes occur in the United States each year; a substantial number are estimated to be caused by aggressive drivingRead MoreEssay on Traffic Safety4603 Words   |  19 PagesTraffic Safety The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) defines aggressive driving as the operation of a motor vehicle in a manner that endangers or is likely to endanger persons or property—a traffic and not a criminal offense like road rage. Examples include speeding or driving too fast for conditions, improper lane changing, tailgating and improper passing. Approximately 6,800,000 crashes occur in the United States each year; a substantial number are estimated to be causedRead MoreMarketing Proposal Project5597 Words   |  23 Pagespersonal computer and the Internet, are increasingly critical to economic success and personal advancement. According to Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide - a paper published by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) -- more Americans than ever have access to telephones, computers and the Internet. At the same time, however, NTIA has found that there is a significant digital divide separatin g Americans who have access to computers and the Internet andRead MoreRisk Benefit Analysis : A Review3004 Words   |  13 Pagesintroduced. It is also expressed in forms of other notable terms namely benefit to risk ratio, benefit risk difference, benefit versus risk, therapeutic margin or therapeutic index [1]. Benefit risk evaluations are carried out in the modern regulations systems since 1960 following thalidomide disaster [1]. However, it has been in the past decades that both industry and regulatory authorities have started to focus on actual methodology for conducting such benefit risk assessments. On the regulatory side

Is Islam a Religion of Peace - 1879 Words

Islam is often spoken of, especially in the backdrop of the current prevalent terrorism of today’s world, as the religion of peace. In saying so, it is implied that Islam, as a religion, is opposed to warfare, extremism and terrorist activities. On the contrary, in the realm of political science, democracy is the system of government that is set up on a high pedestal. Democracy is not only portrayed as inherently virtuous, but is also a system that ensures peace and harmony in any region. Both democracy and Islam thus claim the right to peace, however, the fact that Muslim majority countries often adopt a non-democratic system of government creates a debate that has been fiercely relevant over the past century. While one group believes that Islam is strictly opposed to a government system that favours popular rule, the other stringently tries to establish the strong correlation between Islam and democracy. Bernard Lewis and Irfan Ahmed represent two voices in this dispute. Bernard Lewis article titled â€Å"Islam and Liberal Democracy: A Historical Overview presents the argument that Islam, in its essential nature and teachings, is inherently opposed to liberal democracy. He first defines the two keywords of the debate – Islam and democracy, and goes on to give historical and contextual evidence for why both are not compatible with each other. In defining democracy, he builds on Huntington as a useful starting point. An account of the influence of the West in the trajectory ofShow MoreRelatedIslam: A Religion of Peace3030 Words   |  13 PagesIslam: A Religion of Peace What is a Muslim? In what do the followers of Islam believe? In todays world, people should be asking these questions, if only to learn more about the world around them. In this paper, I will discuss how the basic ideas of Islam compare to the six bases of religion listed in our textbook. The six bases are: (1) deal in some way with peoples relationship to the unseen world of spirits, ancestors, gods and demons; (2) developed a system of myths about the unseen worldRead MoreIslam Religion Of Peace Or War Essay1445 Words   |  6 PagesIslam a Religion of Peace or War Introduction: After the crisis of 9/11, the religion of Islam has raised a number of controversies. More specifically, the issue of Islam as a harmonious religion or not. In the last fifteen years, after 9/11, there has been multiple disputes among those believing Islam as a religion of peace, and those who believe otherwise. With any debate, numerous questions spring up to force the majority to believe their beliefs are the truth. Some of the questions orRead MoreReligion and Peace - Christianity and Islam894 Words   |  4 PagesThe message of peace is a fundamental universal concern which is relevant throughout our world today. Peace is not merely the ‘absence of war’, but a state of mind in which a sense of tranquillity comes from actively working towards right relationships with individuals and God. To understand the way in which Muslims and Christians view peace it is imperative to understand the source of the teachings for each religion. The principles teachings of pea ce for Both Christianity and Islam are primarilyRead MoreIslam Is A Religion Of Peace And Mercy Essay955 Words   |  4 Pagesaccuracy and precision of the claims made by Hisham. In this text, Hisham is asserting that Islam is a religion of peace and mercy that is diligent against disbelievers while highlighting Abbas’ contributions in establishing this disposition alongside the Prophet; his writing style intends to covertly arouse a sense of pride in the original Muslim audience of the passage and to instill favorable views of the religion and its founders in future readers. The excerpt opens by outlining the Truce of HudaybiaRead MoreIslam Is A Religion Of Peace And Forgiveness2101 Words   |  9 Pages Islam is to Surrender to God and clearance of polytheism, docile and obedient and solutions of peace and engage in religion preached by the Arab Prophet Muhammad Peace be upon him (Rahman 1). People who don t understand the Islamic religion might view it as fanatical and violent, but in reality it is a religion of peace and forgiveness. Islam is a religion that is growing to become one of the most important in our society, its one of the three largest in the world after Judaism and ChristianityRead MoreA Positive Coexistence Among All Tribes Essay1138 Words   |  5 PagesA positive coexistence among all tribes is achievable. The teachings of Allah’s Prophet and those sidelined in the Quran, should be understood and used effectively allow peace prevail among religions. The Prophet Saheeh Muslim says in a statement that, â€Å"Whoever kills a person who has a truce with the Muslims will never smell the fragrance of Paradise.† This is one of the most respected teachings of Muslims. Muslims are very discipline to abide to this teaching. It states the need to advocate forRead MoreEssay on The Terrorists Attack on the World Trade Centre in New York1205 Words   |  5 Pagesabout Islam and Muslims. Moreover, Islamic concept â€Å"Jihad† is criticized and it is questioned among Non-Muslims. 9/11 attack not only effects non-Muslims but also the Muslims who have no connections with the terrorist groups. As well as they do not support these terrorism. These Muslims face the hatred of the non-western people. They feel guilty about the Sin, they neither commit nor support. After 9/11, The Muslims all over the world called as terrorist and Islam is considered as religion whichRead MoreThe Way Western Media Reports Events1073 Words   |  5 Page sto the incorrect perception that the extreme beliefs of ISIS are the same as pure Islamic beliefs, creating Westerners to have prejudiced views against Muslims and Islam. ISIS claims their actions are based off pure Islamic beliefs and justified by verses in the Quran, which causes Westerners to incorrectly perceive Islamic religion and ISIS’s beliefs to be the same. To Muslims, the Quran is not written from the peoples’ point of view, but is the actual word of God to be spread by the Prophet MuhammadRead MoreThe Middle East1289 Words   |  6 Pagesthe variety of cultures. There are three major religious based out of the middle east, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Why do these religions have such a rift between them, if their principles are similar? All three of the religions have similar qualities, and many differences, but is that still a reason to compete with each other the way that they do? Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all pray to one God, recognize Jesus Christ,share the Old Testament and carry Holy books. They share a commonRead MoreWhat Role Did Violence And Warfare Play During The Origins And The Rise Of Islam1078 Words   |  5 PagesFirst of all, we are talking about what role did violence and warfare play in the origins and the rise of Islam. Since the 1950s, Western countries led by the committee to allow the establishment of Islamic mullahs called on the community of believers. Freed from the oppression of Islam out of the only parts of the land has old Yugoslavia and modern Israel. The real windfall rooted in Islamic fundamentalism and religious revivalism, part of the Muslim Arab countries because the current situation

The Traditions of Western and Chinese Cultures Essay

ABSTRACT: In European atomic theory, Euclids geometry and Aristotles logic complement each other and are generally acknowledged sources of Western science. In China, the book Zhou Yi is the source of Chinese science because it system contains a unity of philosophic, logical and mathematical thinking. These two systems form the core of the scientific models of the Western and Chinese cultural traditions. In political and ideological arenas, the Western is a contract model based on the individual, but the Chinese is an entirety one base on human administration. In Western societies, the inner general tensile stress of contracts causes losses and breaks of action standards and values, but it also has features of reconstruction,†¦show more content†¦In political and ideological areas. The Western is a contract model built on the basis of individuals, but the Chinese is an entirety one built on the basis of man administration. In the Western societies, the inner general tensile s tress of contracts causes losses and breaks of action standards and values, but it has features of reconstruction, regeneration and creation. The entirety theory is contrary. Its breaks and losses cause a whole collapse, but as it is frar from the balance condition, it has a tendency of super-stability structures through the inner adjustment. The two traditions of western and Chinese cultures formed in the axis period of human history still has a great life -force today. The proverb two poles are interlined still has a realistic significance for us to understand the real life of human society. From the visual angle of mankind culture, the scientific humanist George Sartor pointed out, In all traditions the science tradition is the most rational or of the fewest non - ration and The understanding of civilization history should be mainly concentrated in the history of science. Jose Li, the world -know historian of science thinks that the unity of sciences exists among the mutual exchanges and mixtures of various cultural traditions, and that, to investigateShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Chinese Law884 Words   |  4 PagesWhile the Chinese system may incorporate some of the Western legal tradition, it does not solely influence the Chinese law. The western counterparts are tweaked into the Chinese legal system to create its own tradition – the Chinese legal system. China has a socialist market economy which co–exists with a larger part of the public sector in the economy. Moreover, the state, unlike other Western countries and legal traditions, is seen as bot h the policymaker and the regulator to an extent which mayRead MoreA Balance Approach On Eastern And Western Civilizations786 Words   |  4 Pages A balance approach on Eastern and Western civilizations ethical thoughts on how we all ought to live have different perspectives. We also have to understand that the Chinese culture is built in pure tradition and respect, therefore this society has managed to thrive for so long. Yet every culture has its faults and its own viewpoints from different influences. In fact, practical focus and closeness to pre- theoretical experiences led us to believe that situations that may cause us to protect ourRead Moreâ€Å"Young and Restless in China† Essay1081 Words   |  5 PagesIn the PBS Documentary, â€Å"Young and Restless in China,† the stress forced upon young Chinese is an uncomfortable side-effect of the country’s accelerated growth. It is consequently a nation’s youth being torn between old Chinese traditions and the new ideas brought from western cultures.. This makes it more difficult than ever for young Chinese to maneuver their way through the land of booming economy and opportunities. LifeRead More Chinese Culture Essay example814 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferently than western parts of the world. Chinese culture varies greatly compared to ours. These great differences between eastern culture and western culture make China a very interesting place. Some of the vast differences include literature, social structure, and government. The greatest difference is Chinese philosophy and way of thinking. China has developed a strict system of tradition that has given China great advantages and disadvantages. This is shown in Chinese literature. Tradition in ChinaRead MoreHeritage Assessment Paper1714 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States has contributed to health disparities in the health care system. Cultural competence can remove health disparities by eliminating personal biases, and treating every person with respect. Simply recognizing and accepting different cultures is not enough, one must be able to consistently recognize and understand the differences in order to be culturally competent. Knowledge and culturally competent practices are a must for nurses to deliver quality care in our rapidly changing multiculturalRead MoreThe Impact Of Globalization On The People Of China1413 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Globalization is a worldwide growth phenomenon where economies, communities, and traditions are being integrated through increased interaction (Goodman). However, the phenomenon has come amid controversies. It has both positive and negative effects on the globe. Positive effects include globalization of western corporations that at some point had their businesses solely operating in the western nations (Goodman). Fast communication channels have interconnected people around the world throughRead MoreA Community That Effects The Lifestyle Of The Elderly Essay1186 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscuss the different aspects of a community that effects the lifestyle of the elderly community in different parts of the world. Religion, tradition, and law are three important influences on the treatment of this community of people. Many Asian cultures have religions that are deep rooted, which date back thousands of years. Although Confucius was Chinese, Confucianism has been practiced throughout all of Asia. In Korea, many of the practices when it comes to aging is based on the Confucian valueRead MoreThe Basic Values Of Confucianism Essay1154 Words   |  5 PagesMany Asian cultures have religions that are deep rooted, which date back thousands of years. Although Confucius was Chinese, Confucianism has been practiced throughout all of Asia. In Korea, many of the practices when it comes to aging is based on the Confucian value of Filial Piety. â€Å"In Confucian philosophy, filial piety is a virtue of respect for one s parents, elders, and ancestors† CITATION Wik16 l 1033 (Filial piety, n.d.). This is one of the three basic values of Confucianism, but often itRead MoreFoot-Binding Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesThe practice of Foot-Binding entered into Mainstream Chinese culture around the 12th and 1 3th centuries (Feng 236), a time when the emerging conservative movement and the creation of a new social class system severely lowered the status of women. The restructuring of the social class system was driven by new and increased prosperity and created a new and higher standard of living that was enjoyed by the new upper class of scholars and farmers. The higher standard of living of the once lower statureRead MoreInfluencing Chinese International Students Academic Adjustment822 Words   |  4 PagesInfluencing Factors of Chinese International Students’ Academic Adjustment As mentioned in the introduction, this research seeks to understand Chinese students’ academic adaptation and cross-cultural learning experiences in Canadian universities. In the previous chapter, Hofstede’s (1991) five cultural dimensions were identified as a means of explaining how Chinese students learn differently from their American counterparts, and they were offered as a theoretical framework to guide the researcher

Limitations of Self-Report Data free essay sample

Limitations of Self Report Data Abstract Self-report data may be obtained from a test or an interview format of a self-report study. The format of self-report study that will be used to discuss limitations of self-report data will be a test and a personality disorder test will be used as an example. For specific example answers for the test I completed the results all rated â€Å"low† for all personality disorders. Limitations arise from decreased reliability and validity and issues with credibility of responses due to response bias. Content validity, construct validity and criterion-related validity as well as test-retest reliability will be presented. The forms of response biases that will be discussed are social desirability, acquiescence, halo effect, extreme responding, midpoint responding, random responding, negative/positive bias, memory recall bias and cultural bias. The discussion will conclude with the role self-report data plays in psychology today. Limitations of Self-Report Data Self-report data has the advantage that they come directly from the test taker themselves and not from a third party; who would know someone better than themselves? Self-report studies can examine a large number of variables such as feelings, behaviours, attitudes and beliefs. They are easy to administer, inexpensive and most take a modest amount of time to complete (McDonald, 2008). Self-report tests are able to assess matters that are not observable such as feelings, beliefs and opinions. The scoring of self-report tests is standardized whether it be a scoring template for pen and pencil formats or computer-based interpretations for tests whose answers are entered into a data file (Hood Johnson, 2007). However, it does have some limitations. The validity of causal conclusions drawn from self-report data may be of concern because it can be influenced by factors such as the psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of the test, the context (environment/situation) of the test, and response biases (Dodd-McCue Tartaglia, 2010). . Validity Content Validity Content validity is the extent to which a test is measuring the domain it is supposed to be measuring (Hood Johnson). Meaning for example; does the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test measure for personality disorders? Computers allow for much more complex self-report test scoring, and are accurate and thorough. A test’s construction can also play a key role. The content validity of some tests relies on the appropriate qualifications and level of expertise of the designers of the test and of the database used for computer-based test interpretations (Hood Johnson). For the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test the designers decide what questions to include in order to identify the different features of personality disorders. The creators of the database decide which answers correlate with a personality disorder. For self-report testing the fundamental way a question is worded can influence a person’s interpretation and thus their response. In the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test this may lead to the erroneous detection of the presence or no presence of diagnostic criteria. For example in the: Q1 â€Å"Do you believe you have more difficulty with relationships than the average person your age? † (4degreez. com, n. d. , p. 1). I didn’t know how to interpret or answer this question; do they mean social relationships or intimate relationships? Had I understood it as both and answered â€Å"yes† my answer would have been measured as a diagnostic criteria for Schizoid Personality Disorder. When I completed the test I answered â€Å"no† because neither situation applied for myself. There was no information given in regards to the designers of the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test nor for the database used for the computer-based test interpretations used to score the test; therefore it is unknown on how it faired for content validity. In addition it is questionable whether the number of questions (#71, excluding â€Å"What sex are you? †) were adequate to accurately assess the presence of a personality disorder. Construct Validity Construct validity is the extent to which a test measures a theoretical construct (Dyce, n. d. ); that is, can the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test measure the presence of the different behaviours described by the diagnostic criteria for the different personality disorders? There are two subcategories of construct validity: convergent validity and discriminant validity. In the case of a personality disorder test convergent validity is the degree to which the test that should be theoretically related to a behaviour associated with a given personality disorder is in fact related. This form of validity is an example in which results should be taken in a person’s context or in conjunction with results of other forms of testing. For example, Q11 of the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test (n. d. ) â€Å"Do you have a difficult time relating to others? † (p. 1). If a person’s contacts are of at a lower education level their language or ideas may or may not be understood. For discriminant validity it is the degree to which the test that should not be theoretically related to a behaviour associated with a given personality disorder is in fact not related. No information was available to know how the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test faired on testing for construct validity. Howard (1994) claims that the construct validity coefficients of self-report testing are superior to those of other forms of testing. Criterion-Related Validity As Dyce (n. d. ) explained criterion-related validity is the relationship between the test score and a criterion measure such as a behaviour. In the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test responders may think they possess a great deal of self-knowledge when in fact they may not therefore their answers may not accurately reflect their behaviours. Concurrent criterion-related validity is when the test score and the criterion are measured at approximately the same time. Predictive criterion-related validity is when the criterion measure is collected after the test score is collected. When self-deceptive socially desirable responding (SDR) in self-report testing, as defined in the social desirability subheading below, is controlled the predictive criterion-related validity is reduced therefore this form of SDR should not be controlled (Paulhus, 1991). Reliability Test-Rest Reliability Test-retest reliability compares the results of two of the same tests taken at different times (Dyce, n. d. ). A person’s state of mind and conditions of he environment may influence responses. The length of time between which the tests are taken should be recorded so it can be taken into account when interpreting the reliability coefficient. Changes in environmental conditions (e. g. , temperature, noise level, or lighting) or state of mind can all affect test-retest reliability. I performed the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test on two separate days. The f irst time it was completed all ten personality disorders were rated â€Å"low†; whereas the second time one was rated â€Å"high†, two were rated â€Å"moderate†, and the other seven were rated â€Å"low†. Thus on this occasion the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test was not very test-retest reliable. This may be attributed to poor sleep the night before and not haven eaten yet, therefore I was a bit irritable. In addition students like myself, who have high cognitive demands, may take mental shortcuts in completing the test depending which will thus decrease reliability. Response Bias Social Desirability Socially desirable responding (SDR) is when a person answers questions in such a way that they â€Å"look good† to others. Such responses will obviously skew results. The issue of SDR in measuring personality, psychopathology, attitudes and sensitive behaviours has been of concern for over sixty years (Paulhus). Subsequently, various methods of measuring (but not controlling) SDR were developed. The â€Å"Lie scale† used in the MMPI to detect obvious dishonesty is an example of one such method (McDonald). Self-report tests such as personality disorder tests rely heavily on the honesty of the responder; however SDR may be done consciously or unconsciously. Another form of SDR is: 1) self-deceptive positivity which is an honest but overly positive self-presentation which is linked to a MMPI factor and 2) impression management which is a conscious and purposeful positive self-presentation (Paulhus). SDR is more likely to occur with questions that address personal issues such as beliefs and integrity. Many of the questions in the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test were laden with vulnerability for SDR; for example, Q21 â€Å"Do you sometimes profit at the expense of others, without being bothered by pain or damage you may cause them? (p. 1). It would take a lot of trust and honesty for a person to answer â€Å"yes† if it was in fact true. Computer based self-report testing helps reduce SDR because there is more sense of anonymity. Using ipsative (forced choice; e. g. , yes/no, agree/disagree or true/false) questions in self-report testing also helps reduce SDR. Had I completed the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test a cou ple years back I would most probably have been influenced by this type of response bias; however â€Å"looking good† is no longer of importance to me. When I completed the 4degreez. om Personality Disorder Test I did so honestly and truthfully so as the results would be accurate. Acquiescence Acquiescence is a response style dubbed â€Å"yea-saying† which is the tendency to answer â€Å"yes† or agree irrespective of the content of the question. One explanation for acquiescence lies in the personality trait of the responder associated with impulsiveness (Dodd-McCue Tartaglia). â€Å"Yes† answers are more likely when the question is ambiguous, neutral in desirability or vague (Dodd-McCue Tartaglia) and the responder is uncertain on how to answer. Most tests are now designed with evenly distributed negatively and positively worded questions, in order to maintain reliability. This form of balancing only controls â€Å"agreement acquiescence† (agreeing with similar types of questions) and not sufficient for â€Å"acceptance acquiescence† (agreeing with all questions irrespective of type) (Paulhus). On examination of the 71 questions in the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test it was concluded that the majority were negatively worded, thus it appears that appropriately balanced wording of questions was not incorporated.

Types of Diseases, Treatment and Their Control Methods free essay sample

A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. There are four main types of disease: pathogenic disease, deficiency disease, hereditary disease, and physiological disease. Pathogenic diseases are caused by what is called a pathogen. Pathogens are parasitic organisms that cause disease in their host. For example the pathogen e. coli which can make people ill or kill them. Deficiency diseases are caused by a deficiency of a particular nutrient in the diet. A lack of vitamin c causes scurvy. Hereditary diseases are passed on through generations via their genes, for example sickle cell disease. Physiological diseases are caused by the failure or malfunction of body parts or organs, for example diabetes. Proper sanitation and other disease-avoidance measures, ranging from hand washing to vaccination, as well as taking antibiotics are used in the prevention and treatment of pathogenic diseases. Hereditary diseases are treated by enzyme replacement therapy, medication miglustat, and bone marrow transplantation and gene therapy1 Physiological diseases such as diabetes can be treated by: Diet- a healthy diet is key to controlling blood sugar levels and preventing diabetes complications. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Diseases, Treatment and Their Control Methods or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Exercise-regular exercise can reduce the risk of developing complications of diabetes such as stroke and kidney failure. Hypertension can be treated by: Diet- eating foods low in sugar, starch and salt. Exercise- a regular exercise program may help lower blood pressure over the long term. Bibliography †¢www. Blurtit. com †¢www. Wikipedia. com †¢www. ehow. com †¢ L. Chinnery, J. Glasgow, G. Jones and M. Jones (2001). CXC Biology Third Edition. Cambridge University Press

Pilgrimage essays

Pilgrimage essays As early as the 4th century A.D. pilgrimage started developing. This first started occur after Emperor Constantine legalizes Christianity. As Christianity was already legally spreading it gained many followers who wanted to gain purification in their souls and salvation by going to holly places such as Jerusalem. Pilgrimage is in a way a journey to a Spiritual transformation expressed in an act of homage to the deity and its early representatives involving travel to a holy site. Most of the places where people would go to a pilgrimage such as Canterbury (St. Theodores bones) in England or Santiago de Compostela (St. James bones) in Spain are connected with relics. This is a physical object with sacred meaning. What was so sacred? It was an example of the contact of the mental world with the transcendent. It was an example of reincarnation of Christ. Physical healing was a major reason for people to go to a pilgrimage. The Pilgrimage changed its form with the centuries. At the 11-13th centuries the Crusades were called pilgrimage. The world crusade wasnt used. During the 12-16th centuries pilgrimage was sort of remission of penance. It was to clear one from ones mistakes. The fact that one has already prepared and is on his way to a pilgrimage meant that he is already forgiven for his deeds. Pilgrimage helped not just for spiritual transformation but also for economic growth for the land that was visited by the pilgrims. Also, pilgrimage helped for better geographical understanding of foreign countries and even for the creation of maps. It was very useful for people from one side of the world to understand the culture, the art, music and architecture of people from the other side of the world. It was very important that during pilgrimage people would do some trade even sometimes souvenirs. ...

Global Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Law - Essay Example Her inner thighs, buttocks, perineum, genital areas and groin were severely burned that she had to be admitted for treatment to the hospital for 8 days. While in the hospital for treatment, Liebeck went through skin grafting and debridement treatments. Liebeck filled a claim with McDonalds for $20,000.00, but McDonald refused to pay the said amount so Liebeck brought the case to court. During the discovery proceedings, McDonalds produced documents showing more than 700 claims by people burned by its coffee between 1982 and 1992 and a number of these claims were similar to that of Liebeck. The documents presented by McDonalds proved that McDonalds knows about the hazards that its coffee products have on drive-thru costumers. McDonalds’ quality assurance manager also said that based on the advice of its consultants, the company made it a policy to keep its coffee between 180 and 190 degrees Fahrenheit to keep its taste. This policy stands even though other companies serve their coffee lower temperature and coffee is normally served at home around 135 to 140 degrees. McDonalds’ quality assurance manager admitted that the company did not evaluate the safety ramifications that this practice may have on the costumers. He also acknowledged the fact that any food items served as 140 degrees or more may cause burning. He also acknowledged the fact that since McDonalds’ coffee is between 180 and 190 degrees, the coffee is not fit for consumption as it would cause burning on the mount and throat. 2. Issues to be decided by the court a. Whether or not Liebeck is entitled to compensation for the pains and sufferings that she went through after she was burned by the coffee bought from McDonalds. b. Whether or not McDonalds observed proper safety measures to protect its clients from possible harm that its products may cause. 3. Facts Relied Upon by Stella In arguing her case in court, Liebeck relied on the testimonies of a scholar in thermodynamics applie d to human skin burns. According to the expert, 180 degrees, liquids can cause third degree burns in a matter of two to seven seconds. The degree of the damage on human skin reduces exponentially as the temperature of the liquid reduces to 155 degrees and below. If Liebeck’s coffee had been around 155 degrees when it spilled on her lap, she may not suffer serious burns. 4. McDonald’s Defense McDonald claimed that its costumers buy coffee on their way to work or home with the intention of drinking the coffee once they arrive at their destination. As it is, the coffee would have enough time to cool down along the way so it will not be scalding hot when the costumers get to drink them. Another defense posed by McDonalds is that its costumers know that the coffee they buy from the drive-thru is hot and the costumers want it that way. 5. Court Decision The jury awarded Liebeck $200,000 in compensatory damages and another $2.7 million in punitive damages. The compensatory da mages were later on reduced by the jury to $160,000 since Liebeck was also at fault. The trial court, on the other hand, reduced the punitive damages to $480,000.00. 6. Opinion on the case Awarding both compensatory and punitive damages to Liebeck is only fitting in this case because McDonalds committed gross negligence in doing its job to protect its costumers. However, I do not agree with the jury’

Negotiations - hypothetical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Negotiations - hypothetical analysis - Essay Example It is back-and-forth communication designed to reach an agreement when you and the other side have some interests that are shared and others that are opposed.† Since there are two or more parties to a negotiation, the common belief is that one must win and the other has to lose. In this internet age, impacted by materialistic civilization, this approach will not hold good. The settlement arrived through good negotiations leads to a win-win situation, where all are winners. The author has articulated a simple and straightforward five-step system that covers the important aspect of negotiations and explains how to go about it in the practical world. The five concepts of negotiations chartered by Roger Fisher that I will put into practice to resolve the issue related to the three girl students (swimmers) are: 1. Don’t bargain over positions They call me "spineless" "heartless" "incompetent" and "lazy" in the third meeting. They also say "We've heard about you. We know that you got this job because two other school districts fired you for incompetence." I am not interested in contesting their claims. When an individual is angry, one says so many things which one actually doesn’t mean! By their verbal slangs, no damage is done to my approach and it is unlikely to change my working style. Try to understand the meanings of the words of their outburst. They have no connectivity. I will not argue with them on the issue for the present. Every argument has a counter argument, but that will not lead to solution. That two other school districts fired me for my incompetence is an incorrect statement. That they fired me is a fact; but that was due to differences as for my conciliatory approach to certain issues related to the students. That the management of the school where I am at present working is aware of the facts related to the cases, and yet they have appointed me as the Principal. They must be having their own reasons for having engaged me. My per spective of running the school administration meets with their approval. I do not believe in giving instant, harsh punishments to the students. I am supposed to look after an academic institution, not a military establishment, to take summary decisions. 2. Separate the people from the problem I would advise the parents of the bullied girl, to keep a low profile for the time being, in the overall interest of all concerned. This issue is going to be resolved, but not on their drastic terms. Expulsion is a serious step that leaves highly unpleasant consequences. It affects the future of the children, damages their psychology, and they may find it difficult to face the societal reactions. Expulsions are often challenged in the court of law, and an academic institution would like to avoid legal hassles, as far as possible. I love my student; she is like my daughter, as much as you love your daughter. Expulsion is the permanent black spot in the academic career of a student and it must be avoided at all costs. 3. Focus on interests, not positions My interest, as the Principal of the school, is to maintain the overall cordial atmosphere in the school, not the interest of just 2-3 students. I now propose to invite to the school the parents of the two students, who allegedly bullied the daughter of the parents who are the complainants. Bullying is a common trend amongst the students though, and in the present case jealousy, that the bullied girl is a superior swimmer is the root cause of the problem. I will also request the college swimming coach to counsel them individually and collectively, and if the feud is not ended immediately, their swimming career may be at stake and they will be removed from the college swimming team. So, along with the reputation of the college, their

Application of Wave Technology in Military Aspect

Application of Wave Technology in Military Aspect â€Å"Hide and Seek† in the World of Wave Student name: Choi Ho Lam Thank you for giving this valuable chance for me to investigate on this topic. As this topic involves military technology, it gives a deeper understanding of wave principle and usage in daily life. However, in normal settings, such kind of topic is not included, as it can be quite controversial. Fortunately, in this CCST course, I am allowed to choose this topic and enrich my engineering knowledge to a deeper extend. National geographic After watching the show â€Å"Hilter’s Stealth Fighter†, it gives me a clearer direction on starting the research on this topic. It enriches my knowledge on the use of RAM in relation with RF wave properties. Teaching assistants of the course The teaching assistants in the course are helpful. Their opinions help me to narrow my direction in investigating to specific topics like radar and specific technology related to radar. Without their help, I would still wonder in the wild world of military and aimlessly searching for a suitable topic. 2. Introduction Radar detection and stealth technology are like a game of â€Å"hide and seek† with the application of wave technology. They share the opposite aims, either finding one or avoid from being found. In the world of military, this is a game that changes the fate of the world and losing is not an option. During the World War II, the deployment of radar in British had changed the tide of battle in the English Channel. Fighting against 2550 German fighters and bombers, the Royal Air Force (RAF) was able to attack strategically and stopped German invasion with just 1963 planes. After this battle, British served as the last stand among European nations against Nazi Germany. With such important history, the military value for radar as well as its counterpart, stealth technology were deeply investigated. Nazi Germany had suffered from a direct defeat from this battle. Since then, Nazi Germany carried out various researches on stealth aircrafts. Just one month near the end of WWII, the first prototype stealth bomber, Horten Ho 229 was developed. Recent research from National Geographic show that such plane decreases the detection range of British radar by 37%, which is already enough for wiping out the entire RAF. It was so fortunate that the plane wasn’t in mass production or the course of history would have been change completely. This paper aims at studying the application of wave technology in the use of radar, as well as the principles in some of the counter radar measures. Since it is a CCST coursework, some of the complicated mathematical procedures and modern method of radar jamming would be omitted. Nevertheless, by studying such technology, we can establish a better understanding of different wave phenomena and know how they change our life. 3. Content 3.1 Radar Radar stands for Radio Detecting and Ranging. In general, radar detects a far object by sending a pulse of EM wave and measures the time and frequency for the reflected pulse. By analyzing these factors, the speed and the distance of the far object can be found. In a macroscopic view, radar consists of 3 basic parts, a transmitter, a duplexer and a receiver. The transmitter emits a short-duration high-power radio frequency (RF) pulse. The pulse will travel through the transmitter antenna and emit outwards. The antenna can give appreciate space for efficient distribution of RF pulse. When the RF pulse hit an obstacle, the RF pulse is reflected back to the receiver. The receiver antenna will receive the signal and analysis the time of travel as well as the frequency of reflected pulse. Since the receiver antenna is very sensitive as it is assumed to be receiving the small pulse reflected back from far distance, a duplexer is installed to switch the between two antenna. This can ensure only one antenna is in use and prevent receiver antenna receiving signal directly from the transmitter antenna, which can potentially damage the receiver antenna. In a microscopic view, an alternating current (AC) is supplied to the antenna. It then produces a perpendicular alternating magnetic field around the antenna. By Lenz’s Law, for a closed loop carrying a current, it would produce a magnetic field perpendicular to current around the loop. In reverse, for a closed loop experience a change in magnetic field, a current perpendicular to magnetic field is generated to oppose the change. The combination of alternating current and magnetic field produces the electromagnetic wave that used for detection. The frequency of the EM wave can be changed by modifying the AC frequency. The frequency of the electromagnetic wave is usually set to between 3 kHz to 300 GHz at radio frequency (RF). It varies depends on the usage. With a higher frequency, using relation with speed of light (C) and wavelength (ÃŽ ») C=FÃŽ », the wavelength of RF wave is shorten. This decreases the electrical length of the antenna to and makes it easier to build. In military use, the RF pulse would set to lower frequency portion in the RF spectrum, usually between 7 to 11.2 GHz, which is called the X band. Being in RF spectrum, the high frequency radar pulse can create a radar cross-section of aircraft with a higher resolution, which helps identify aircraft more accurately. In more advance use, a much lower frequency is used to reveal stealth aircraft since it can give a much more sensitive signal. With a low frequency, the wavelength of radar pulse is comparable to size of stealth fighter and creates a scattering in resonance region instead of optical region, turning it more visible on radar. However, the frequency of the radar pulse cannot be lower than 800 MHz, otherwise the EM pulse would have insufficient penetrating power and easily be absorbed by raindrops. Other than that, the resolution of low frequency radar is relatively poor, and gives a poor display. It is only effective against stealth aircraft of length comparable to wavelength . When the radar pulse is bound back to the radar, the antenna experience an alternating change in magnetic field. This will produce an alternating electrical field and thus an AC current to flow in circuit. Since the returning signal is weak, it would pass through an amplifying circuit to increase the amplitude. In analyzing the signal, the frequency and time of travel would be taken to find the speed and velocity of detection target. When the radar pulse reaches an object, it is reflected and the frequency is shifted by Doppler Effect. Since the speed of RF wave is always the speed of light (C), the distance (S) can be express as a time (t) function, S = Ct/2. It is divided by two since the radar pulse travel through the same distance twice. To calculate speed of moving object, we can find out the change in frequency (Doppler frequency) of the returning wave. If the far object is moving, the object would create a Doppler shift to the radar pulse. This Shifted frequency () can be expressed by original frequency (), the moving speed (V) and speed of light (C). , which gives us the Doppler frequency () . For convenience, one assume, such that, and simply the equation as . 3.2 Radar jamming and deception Radar jamming and deception usually refer to the intention of saturating the radar with noise and false information, lowering the detection range of radar as well as the accuracy of the radar. There mainly two types of jamming, either mechanical jamming or electronic jamming. Mechanical jamming Mechanical jamming usually refer to use of physically existed thing to reflect and re-reflect RF signal back to radar, causing the radar to be saturated with false return signal. The commonly used mechanical jamming methods that adopt wave principles are chaff and corner reflectors. Chaff is bundles of reflective aluminum strip of various lengths. The aircraft drops these strips in air. When radar pulse reaches these strips, the radar pulse is reflected and scattered in all direction, creating huge return signal to the receiver. This could deceive the radar as â€Å"seeing† huge plane and deplete enemy resources like ammunition on shooting down the false target. Corner reflector reflects incoming radar pulse at other angle. Corner reflector is composed of either two or three reflective planes, perpendicular to each other. This configuration allows the incoming radar ray fully reflected back to the source. Yet this also increases special occupation of corner reflector, making it harder to carry by aircraft. The tails of the stealth fighter are designed to be acute angle, such that it avoids forming corner reflector, allowing radar to identify the airplane. Electronic jamming Electronic jamming refers to the active emission of RF pulse to the radar, saturating the radar with false return and noises. It includes spot jamming, sweep jamming, barrage jamming, cover pulse jamming and digital radio frequency memory jamming. Spot jamming, sweep jamming, barrage jamming uses the same principle, occupying the radar with high energy pulse and causing destructive interference of the RF wave. Spot jamming refers to jamming one specific frequency with high energy signal. Sweep jamming refers to jamming one specific frequency with high energy signal when the radar is switching from one frequency to another. Barrage jamming refers to jamming all specific frequency with high energy signal, however since it cover full range of frequency, each frequency are partially jammed. Cover pulse jamming refers to false return signal as noise. As radar receives certain amount of ambient noise, for example, like scanning through eagle and other types of bird, so it could be used as disguise for fighter to hide from radar. With pulse jamming system installed, the aircraft analysis the incoming radar signal and find suitable frequency for false noise return. Digital radio frequency memory is a repeater technique that analysis the incoming radar pulse and changes the returning frequency as well as time of return. The signal would be delay and diminish. This gives a false sign of far distance between aircraft and radar. Moreover, the frequency would also be shifted and produce a false Doppler shift on radar signal. This returns with false information about the velocity of aircraft. 3.3 Use of RAM Besides of active jamming and deceiving radar, the military develop RAM to avoid radar detection from the enemy. RAM stands for the Radar-Absorbance Material. According to the detecting radar frequency, different types of RAM are used to build stealth aircrafts. Iron ball paint absorber Iron ball paint is one of the mostly used RAM. It contains tiny spheres coated with carbonyl iron and ferrite. As radar waves induce molecular oscillation in this paint, the energy would dissipate as heat. This can absorb the radar and reduce the reflection of radar wave. Re-entrant triangles The structures of re-entrant triangles in between the surface foam absorber layer help reduce reflection of radar ray back to radar transceiver. Inside the foam absorber layer, the foam was cut into tiny square pyramid. This structure reflect incoming wave several times and reduce the energy of the radar wave. In practice, the width and height would change according to the incoming radar wave. The main purpose of adjusting height and width ratio is to achieve maximum internal reflection within the plane surface as possible. Jaumann absorber The wave principle deployed by Jaumann absorber is destructive interference. Gerneally, Jaumann absorber consist of two equally spaced layer and a ground metal plate. It cancels out the incoming wave by producing destructive interference. When a radar signal strikes on to the surface of Jaumann absorber, the wave split in to two waves, one is reflected at glossy surface of the Jaumann absorber, while the other enters the layer. The ray will then reflect back by the metal ground plate. The two layers having a total spacing of ÃŽ »/4 will allow the wave reflected back to surface at anti-phrase compare to incoming ray, where the ray have travelled a total of ÃŽ »/2 distance. Conclusion Radar principle make use of various wave property in tracing the enemy. In engineering, there is a sub-discipline for radar analysis, for a more precise interpretation of radar signal. This paper includes only few example and it was just a corner of iceberg. However, in just a brief analysis, we can see advancement of technology as people know more about wave and using this knowledge to build stealth aircraft. This game of â€Å"hide and seek† can be devastating to world as it brings a much higher casualties in war, however this game has also proven to be saving life war and pushing the advancement of technology. Would this game be beneficial to human? It would be an unanswered question waiting for the people to decide. Reference Radar. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar ODonnell, Robert. RES.LL-001 Introduction to Radar Systems, Spring 2007. (MIT OpenCourseWare: Massachusetts Institute of Technology), http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-ll-001-introduction-to-radar-systems-spring-2007 (Accessed 28 Nov, 2014). License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Wolff, C. (n.d.). Radar Principle. Retrieved from http://www.radartutorial.eu/01.basics/Radar Principle.en.html Toomay, J., Hannen, P. (2004). Radar Principle for the Non-Specialist (3rd ed.). SciTech Publishing. Hitlers Stealth Fighter [Motion picture]. (2009). United State of America: National Geographic. Garcia, L. (n.d.). How Waves Helped Win the War: Radar and sonar in WWII. Retrieved from http://www.ww2sci-tech.org/lessons/lesson3.pdf Deb, N.N. (2006). Telecommunication Engineering (1st ed.). New Age International. Bole, A., Wall, A., Norris, A. (2014). Radar and ARPA Manual Radar, AIS and Target Tracking for Marine Radar Users. Elsevier. Varshney, L. (2002). Technical Report Radar Principles (3rd revision.). NY: Syracuse Research Corporation. Lorell, M. (2003). The U.S. Combat Aircraft Industry, 1909-2000. National Defense Research Institute. Radar jamming and deception. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_jamming_and_deception Radar-absorbent material. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar-absorbent_material Zikidis, K., Skondras, A., Tokas, C. (2014). Low Observable Principles, Stealth Aircraft and Anti-Stealth Technologies. Journal of Computations Modelling, Vol.4(No.1, 2014), 129-165. Retrieved from http://www.scienpress.com/Upload/JCM/Vol 4_1_9.pdf Stealth Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=headerq=stealth technology

Privacy And The Internet Essay -- Web Cyberspace Internet papers

Privacy and the Internet The natural progression of the Internet and emerging technologies is towards streamlining our lives both personally and professionally. Instantaneous communications and available on-line services continue to reduce the physical distance between individuals. Almost anything is now available in cyberspace from shopping, schooling and education, on-line trading, banking, to social and political on-line communities. On-line service providers are shifting from a product centric approach to a more personal and customized approach to marketing their products and services. The idea of one-to-one marketing is very powerful and has become an important tool for competing in the interactive age. One-to-one marketing takes a customer-orientated approach to selling; customers are treated as individuals with different interests and needs. We respond positively to individual attention; when we visit a web site we want to see products and services of interest to us not every available product. We do not want to waste our time. For many people, time is money and the convenience factor ways heavily on the decision to return to a web site. Are the benefits of electronic communication at the expense of our privacy? How does the Internet affect the availability and use of our personal information? The Internet brings another dimension to the issue of privacy. Whether you are voting on-line or buying a book from Amazon.com you must consider how much personal information has been collected about you, with or without your consent, and how it can be used. Policies governing privacy on the Internet are still not clearly defined and many on-line users do not understand how the information they provide will be used. How much... ...activity are all available at the press of a button. Soon we will have on-line refrigerators that can place grocery orders, washing machines that can access the Internet to determine the best wash cycle for a delicate fabric and Internet connectivity available from every room in the house. If we reap the benefits of communications technology, we must expect to pay the price with our privacy. Works Cited Bridis, Ted. Comcast Tracks Users Web Browsing. Los Angeles Times 12 Feb 2002. http:www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/politics/wire/sns-ap-internet-privacy/0212feb12.story (25 Feb 2002). Grossman, Lawrence K. The Shape of the Electronic Republic. Composing Cyberspace. Richard Holeton. United States: McGraw-Hill, 1998, 311-327. Birkets, Sven. Into the Electronic Millennium. Composing Cyberspace. Richard Holeton. United States: McGraw-Hill, 1998, 311-327. Privacy And The Internet Essay -- Web Cyberspace Internet papers Privacy and the Internet The natural progression of the Internet and emerging technologies is towards streamlining our lives both personally and professionally. Instantaneous communications and available on-line services continue to reduce the physical distance between individuals. Almost anything is now available in cyberspace from shopping, schooling and education, on-line trading, banking, to social and political on-line communities. On-line service providers are shifting from a product centric approach to a more personal and customized approach to marketing their products and services. The idea of one-to-one marketing is very powerful and has become an important tool for competing in the interactive age. One-to-one marketing takes a customer-orientated approach to selling; customers are treated as individuals with different interests and needs. We respond positively to individual attention; when we visit a web site we want to see products and services of interest to us not every available product. We do not want to waste our time. For many people, time is money and the convenience factor ways heavily on the decision to return to a web site. Are the benefits of electronic communication at the expense of our privacy? How does the Internet affect the availability and use of our personal information? The Internet brings another dimension to the issue of privacy. Whether you are voting on-line or buying a book from Amazon.com you must consider how much personal information has been collected about you, with or without your consent, and how it can be used. Policies governing privacy on the Internet are still not clearly defined and many on-line users do not understand how the information they provide will be used. How much... ...activity are all available at the press of a button. Soon we will have on-line refrigerators that can place grocery orders, washing machines that can access the Internet to determine the best wash cycle for a delicate fabric and Internet connectivity available from every room in the house. If we reap the benefits of communications technology, we must expect to pay the price with our privacy. Works Cited Bridis, Ted. Comcast Tracks Users Web Browsing. Los Angeles Times 12 Feb 2002. http:www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/politics/wire/sns-ap-internet-privacy/0212feb12.story (25 Feb 2002). Grossman, Lawrence K. The Shape of the Electronic Republic. Composing Cyberspace. Richard Holeton. United States: McGraw-Hill, 1998, 311-327. Birkets, Sven. Into the Electronic Millennium. Composing Cyberspace. Richard Holeton. United States: McGraw-Hill, 1998, 311-327.

How does steinbeck portray George, hero or villian? Essay

â€Å"Of Mice and Men† is based on the major themes of hard reality, dreams, companionship and tragedy; particularly relevant to 1930’s America, following the depression and economic poverty it caused. Steinbeck portrays George as a flawed character who doesn’t display archetypal heroic qualities, however the reader empathizes with him. Steinbeck therefore ultimately presents him as a anti-hero within the context of the narrative. At the beginning of the novel, Steinbeck portrays George as a flawed character. George and lennie travel to a ranch , indicating the unsettled lifestyle of men during 1930’s. Before arriving at the ranch, George loss his temper with lennie : â€Å"morosely† implying bad temper and unsociability, and perhaps emphasising George’s villainous side. another perspective may be the build up of Georges anger, due to complications in weed. Steinbeck implies this using the word â€Å"restless†. The enraged language heightens Georges villainous attributes, combined with adverbs â€Å"explodes† and â€Å"snapped†, increasing the readers confusion about George although they empathize with his hardships faced by staying with Lennie However, these hardships are questioned by his actions later in the novel. Georges relationship with lennie conveys his character as a anti-hero, however this doesn’t highlight his lack of conventional heroic attributes. Lennie’s portrayed as protective towards George: nobody hurts George† â€Å"Lennie growled†. Nonetheless, this juxtaposition intensifies the contrast between the pair. Perhaps Steinbeck uses this to intrigue the reader about the dynamics of their relationship, heightening the human side of George and allowing the reader to empathize with George under the circumstances. Steinbeck describes George as having â€Å"sharp strong features†: due to his work as a itinerant migrant worker during the US depression. However, the reader may begin to question if Steinbeck is using the adjectives to describe Georges physical appearance, or his strong character. Despite this, George’s most heroic quality is his intense care for others, specifically Lennie, where the reader observes the complexities of their companionship. â€Å"I never seen one guy take so much trouble for another† : Steinbeck allows the reader to notice Georges kinder human characteristics. On the other hand, Steinbeck uses the adverbs â€Å"morosely†: the negative language empathises Georges villainous side. Additionally, Steinbeck uses the verbs â€Å"snapped† and â€Å"glared† to present George as harsh and sharp. Combined with â€Å"harshly† and â€Å"briskly† the readers ambiguous reaction towards George is increased, and some sense of heroism is lost. the loss is intensified towards the end of the novel. In contrast to George, Steinbeck describes lennie as â€Å"patient†. juxtaposing Lennie’s innocence with Georges frustration. Despite this George looks â€Å"ashamedly† , which contrasts against his temper heightens his human characteristics compared with lennie â€Å"anguished face†. ** However this confuses the reader about Georges emotion towards Lennie’s, making the reader question whether Georges a hero or villain. The element of dreams is the most powerful symbol in the novel, representing the possibility of self-reliance and freedom. Steinbeck presents George as inventor of the dream, therefore his heroic attributes become visible. Steinbeck conveys George as essentially protecting other characters from the cruelties of the world. Additionally, Steinbeck portrays George as an inspirational welcoming character, as George allows candy and crocks to become â€Å"bemused by the beauty† of the dream. However this heightens their desperation and loneliness but also the trust and reliance they have in George. Even though each character subconsciously knows the dreams a unrealistic goal, they are still â€Å"amazed†. George spoke â€Å"reverently† conveys his deep respects and awe towards the dream, almost as if it was sacred. This could connect to his surname â€Å"Milton†: reference to paradises lost a 1930’s poem about the destruction of a perfect place. here, Steinbeck heightens his human attributes. perhaps another perspective could be that George allowed the character to dream falsely as he knew the dream wasn’t achievable. in the context of 1930’s economic situation, maybe he knew â€Å"they’d never do her† and he agreed as Lennie â€Å"usta like to hear about it†. on the other hand, the dream may have been created for Georges benefit and selfishness. Therefore, through George’s dream Steinbeck highlights both heroic and potentially villainous attributes of his character. In the last scene, George murders lennie not through an evil intention but a mercy killing. Steinbeck creates a paradox as George intends to kill lennie however George portrays being cruel to be kind. Steinbeck’s presentation of Georges internal conflict is finally resolved. The reader observes that the Curley will punish lennie brutally and slowly; â€Å"shoot for his guts†. Therefore the reader empathises with George, as he makes a conflicted decision between two actions. In contrast to George, Steinbeck portrays Curley as an archetypal villain. Curley is described as â€Å"terrier†. the malicious language elevates his villainous traits above Georges. combined with the adverbs â€Å"lashed† and â€Å"harsh† the readers negative reactions towards Curley heighten, as they’re unable to trust Curley, instead they feel a sense of alert and tension when he’s around. therefore, when comparing George and Curley, George villainous qualities decrease and his heroic actions become more visible. Despite Georges complaints about lennie, he feels a brotherly connection with Lennie because Lennie provides an escape form loneliness of a migrant workers who are † the loneliest guys in the world†. However, an alternative perspective that heighten George heroism, is that perhaps George killed lennie, as he realised Lennie was a danger to society. Overall, the reader witnesses the depth of the sacrifice George made, even though it shattered is own dreams, strengthening the readers empathy towards George. Despite this the reader is unable to forgive Georges actions. This concludes Steinbeck as portraying George as a conflicting character, an anti-hero.

Argumentative Essay On Civil Rights - 956 Words

Most of us today cannot say we’ve experience the horror of war. I infact have never. I’m ignorant to the subject, while others can say they’ve stared death in the face. We fought for slave rights, for equal rights, and allowed people to immigrate here believing America was a peaceful place. I infact am honored to be an American. I have rights, I do not serve under a dictator, but most countries arent as lucky as I. Unfortunately, tragedy is the only magnet that pulls us together. We have not learned from the sacrifices of our own sons and daughters. It is my hope that America can move on from its childish antics and turn away from all the violence. Hate goes back generations here. We stole peoples lands, and claimed them as our own. We†¦show more content†¦We have not forgotten, and we certainly aren’t forgiving. Instead, we are walling off countries so they can no longer travel here and make a better life for themselves. For certain tragedies we are vengeful to other countries. We view these people as aliens, or a threat. We shut these people out when they need us most. We have closed arms for these people. Refugees are dying, suffering critical injuries, and weve closed the doors. We fought back, killing thousands of innocents, and so little of the guilty. We are mirroring the exacts acts we swore never to repeat. We signed documents swearing we would make our future better. We are letting our founding fathers down. Our hope for the future is peace... It takes only a tragedy for Americans to come together to help, and accept each other. Only after a tragedy, we realize how much we need each other to overcome anything. Like bombings, bombings that happen so frequently. After every attack, love responds. Officials, even injured civilians help others. It not only was their job, but it’s the fact we believe innocent lives do not deserve to be taken. Why can’t it be like that all the time? Why is it that when people are slaughtered we finally realize were all equal? How exactly is it okay for us to attack other places, but its not okay for it to happen to us? Not only do we come together in rare times, but we dont pay attention to it after a while. We shield our children, and shield ourselves from the harshShow MoreRelatedShould Gays Be Allowed to Marry1476 Words   |  6 PagesThe Prusuit of Happiness! Should gays be allowed to marry? Stacey Dockery PHI103: Informal Logic (GSJ1231E) Instructor Name: Daniel Beteta September 3, 2012 Argumentative Essay on Gay Marriage Marriage: a legally recognized relationship, established by civil or religious ceremony, between two people who intend to live together as sexual and domestic partners. 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